Research on diversity of the opsin genes of long-tail macaques in Java Island

我们分析了长尾猕猴长(L)和中(M)波长敏感的视蛋白基因位点的变化。与人类不同，大多数猴子只有一个L和一个M基因。在猴子身上还发现了三种不同的基因型，一种只有一个视蛋白基因（二色），一种有M型外显子3的l -视蛋白基因，一种有串联排列的多个基因。然而，在猴子中，二色体的频率为0.47%，串联排列的多个M视蛋白基因的频率为5%，而在高加索雄性中分别为2%和66%。这两种变体仅在印度尼西亚爪哇岛发现，第三种变体仅在泰国南部发现。数据表明，每种基因型的频率在东半球灵长类动物中是不同的。为了增加数据来解决色觉的进化，我们还测定了58只雄性黑猩猩的L-和m -视蛋白基因。一名受试者色觉异常，而其他受试者色觉正常。与人类不同，黑猩猩在基因拷贝数上的多态性差异和180位氨基酸上的多态性碱基替换并不常见。然后我们在猴子、黑猩猩和人类身上测试了缺乏颜色的优势。我们发现在颜色伪装条件下，形状识别具有优势。数据表明，除了选择压力之外，还有几个因素决定了猴子和黑猩猩的低色觉缺乏率。

We analyzed variations in long (L) and middle (M) wavelength sensitive opsin gene loci in long tailed macaques. Unlike humans most monkeys have a single L and a single M gene. Three variant genotypes, one with only one opsin gene (dichromatic), one with L-opsin gene that has M type exon3 and one with tandemly arrayed multiple genes, were also found in the monkeys. However, the frequency of the dichromat was 0.47 %, and that of the tandemly arrayed multiple M opsin genes was 5 % in the monkeys, while 2% and 66 %, respectively in Caucasian males. The two variants were found only in Java Island Indonesia, and the third variant was found only in South Thailand. The data suggest that the frequency of each genotype is different among Old World primates. To add data to solve the evolution of color vision, we also determined the L- and M-opsin genes in 58 male chimpanzees. One subject had protanomalous color vision, while others had normal color vision. Unlike in humans, a polymorphic difference in the copy number of the genes and a polymorphic base substitution at amino acid position 180 were not frequently observed in chimpanzees. Then we tested the advantage of the color deficiency in monkeys, chimps and humans. We found the advantage in shape discrimination in color camouflaged condition. Data suggested the several factors in addition to the selection pressure to determine the low rate of color vision deficiency in monkeys and chimpanzees.