Research on new paradigms to test patients with brain damage in the association cortices.

本研究的目的是引入新的范式来测试联合皮层脑损伤的患者。范例是根据使用猴子的动物实验结果设计的。由于侵入性技术对人类受试者是不可能的，因此已经在猴子身上详细研究了联合皮层的功能。在这25年中，积累了这样的实验数据。现在可以将这些结果用于人类受试者的设计范例。介绍了五种范例。(1)简单的视觉到达任务：通过按下按钮，呈现目标提示，并且受试者触摸该目标位置。(2)视觉延迟到达任务：按下按钮，提示刺激呈现1s。然后，经过5s的延迟期，目标刺激出现在所有8个位置。受试者的任务是选择并触摸提示刺激出现的位置。(3)注意转移任务：按下一个按钮，呈现两个刺激。一个刺激是积极的，另一个是消极的。受试者的任务是选择积极的刺激。在连续5次正确试验后，另一个刺激变为阳性。在接下来的5次连续正确试验之后，引入新的刺激集并测试该刺激集的反转。并且重复该过程。(4)古怪任务：通过按下按钮，呈现八个刺激（7个相同的刺激和1个不同的刺激），并且要求受试者选择不同的刺激。(5)延迟匹配样本任务：按下按钮，样本刺激呈现1秒。延迟5s后，呈现8个刺激。要求受试者选择与样本刺激相同的刺激。使用这些范例，可以更准确地测试联合皮层的功能。

The objective of this research is to introduce new paradigms to test patients with brain damage in the association cortices. Paradigms were designed based on the results of animal experiments using monkeys. Since invasive techniques are impossible for human subjects, the functions of the association cortices have been studied in detail in monkeys. In these 25 years, data of such experiment were accumulated. It is now possible to refer such results to disign paradigms for human subjects. Five paradigms were introduced. (1) Simple visual reaching task : With pressing a button, a target cue was presented and a subject touched that target location. (2) Visual delayd reaching task : With pressing a button, a cue stimulus was presented for 1s. Then, after 5s of delay period, target stimuli appeared at all 8 locations. Subject's task is to select and touch the position where the cue stimulus was presented. (3) Attention shift task : With pressing a button two stimuli were presented. One stimulus is positive and the other is negative. The subject's task is to select positive stimulus. After 5 successive correct trials, the other stimulus became positive. After next 5 successive correct trials, a new stimulus set was introduced and reversal of this set was tested. and this process was repeated. (4) Oddity task : With pressing a button, eight stimuli were presented (7 same and 1 different stimuli) and a subject was asked to select different stimulus. (5) Delayd Matching to Sample task : With pressing a button, sample stimulus presented for 1s. After 5s of delay period, 8 stimuli were presented. The subject was asked to select the same stimulus as the sample stimulus. Using these paradigms, it became possible to test the functions of the association cortices more accurately.