Research concerning the development of motor learning strategies : To what extent do people know how to learn motor skills?

以前关于自我调节学习策略的研究试图通过比较成绩排名高的学生和成绩排名低的学生在自主采用的学习策略上的差异来阐明适当的学习运动技能的策略。然而，这种方法只是让研究人员确定那些表现在较高水平的人和那些表现较差的人在学习策略上的差异，但不能用来确定这些策略是否是最佳的。为了确定人们学习运动技能的程度，有必要将学生自主使用的学习策略与学习运动技能的最佳学习方法进行比较。为了澄清这一点，我们进行了三个实验。受试者观看了一盘描述模特表演的录像带，并被指示记住模特展示的动作。前两个实验的结果表明，最好的学习方法是首先在进行公开排练时专注于记住一系列动作，然后在记忆形成后，根据基于记忆的自适应调谐法练习运动技能。另一个实验是比较自由练习条件和引导练习条件，其中包括小学生和大学生被试使用上述最佳学习方法进行练习。结果表明，无论是小学生还是大学生，引导练习条件下的学习成绩都优于自由练习条件下的学习成绩。这些结果表明，无论是小学生还是大学生，关于学习运动技能的方法的元认知在人们身上都没有得到充分的确立。

Former studies regarding selfregulated learning strategy seeks to clarify appropriate strategies for learning motor skills by comparing the differences in learning strategies, which have been autonomously adopted by students, between those who ranked high and those who ranked low in terms of performance. However, this approach simply allows researchers to identify the differences in learning strategies between those who perform at a superior level and those who perform at an inferior level but cannot be used to determine whether such strategies are optimal. In order to determine the extent to which people know how to learn motor skills, it is necessary to compare learning strategies autonomously employed by students with the best approach to learning for learning such motor skills.Three experiments were conducted to clarify these points. Subjects viewed a videotape depicting a model performance and were instructed to remember the moves demonstrated by the model. The results of the first two experiments indicated that the best learning method entails first focusing on memorizing a sequence of moves while engaged in overt rehearsal, then, after the memory is formed, practicing the recall of motor skills according to the adaptive tuning method based on this memory.Another experiment was performed to compare a free practice condition and a guided practice condition under which subjects, comprising primary school students and university students, were instructed to practice using the aforementioned best learning method. The results indicated that the guided practice condition was superior to the free practice condition in terms of learning performance for not only primary school students but also university students. These results suggest that metacognition with respect to the method of learning motor skills is not sufficiently established in people, irrespective of whether they are primary school students or university students.