Research concerning the development of motor learning strategies : To what extent do people know how to learn motor skills?

以往关于自我调节学习策略的研究试图通过比较成绩高和成绩低的学生在自主学习策略上的差异来阐明学习运动技能的适当策略。然而，这种方法只是让研究人员能够识别那些表现在上级水平和那些表现在下级水平的学习策略之间的差异，但不能用来确定这些策略是否是最佳的。为了确定人们在多大程度上知道如何学习运动技能，有必要比较学生自主使用的学习策略与学习这种运动技能的最佳学习方法。受试者观看了一盘描述模特表演的录像带，并被要求记住模特展示的动作。前两个实验的结果表明，最好的学习方法是先专注于记住一系列动作，同时进行公开的排练，然后，在记忆形成后，根据基于此记忆的自适应调整方法练习运动技能的回忆。另一个实验是比较自由练习条件和指导练习条件下，受试者，包括小学生和大学生，指导他们练习使用上述最佳学习方法。结果表明，无论是小学生还是大学生，引导练习条件下的学习成绩均优于自由练习条件下的学习成绩，差异有上级。这些结果表明，关于运动技能学习方法的元认知在人们中没有充分建立，无论他们是小学生还是大学生。

Former studies regarding selfregulated learning strategy seeks to clarify appropriate strategies for learning motor skills by comparing the differences in learning strategies, which have been autonomously adopted by students, between those who ranked high and those who ranked low in terms of performance. However, this approach simply allows researchers to identify the differences in learning strategies between those who perform at a superior level and those who perform at an inferior level but cannot be used to determine whether such strategies are optimal. In order to determine the extent to which people know how to learn motor skills, it is necessary to compare learning strategies autonomously employed by students with the best approach to learning for learning such motor skills.Three experiments were conducted to clarify these points. Subjects viewed a videotape depicting a model performance and were instructed to remember the moves demonstrated by the model. The results of the first two experiments indicated that the best learning method entails first focusing on memorizing a sequence of moves while engaged in overt rehearsal, then, after the memory is formed, practicing the recall of motor skills according to the adaptive tuning method based on this memory.Another experiment was performed to compare a free practice condition and a guided practice condition under which subjects, comprising primary school students and university students, were instructed to practice using the aforementioned best learning method. The results indicated that the guided practice condition was superior to the free practice condition in terms of learning performance for not only primary school students but also university students. These results suggest that metacognition with respect to the method of learning motor skills is not sufficiently established in people, irrespective of whether they are primary school students or university students.