Distributions, behaviors, and biological effects of pharmaceutical chemicals in water environments.

东京的4个污水处理厂每3个月采集一次污水进水和最终出水的24小时复合样本，为期一年，分析药物化学物质，以了解它们在污水处理过程中的行为。采用固相萃取、硅胶柱层析纯化后的气相色谱-质谱仪(GC-MS)对13种目标药物进行分析。在目标化合物中，阿司匹林的平均浓度最高，为7300 ng/L。在二级出水中，克罗他明的平均浓度最高，为700ng/L。在一级和二级处理中，阿司匹林、布洛芬和百里香酚被有效去除，去除效率在95%以上，而三氯生、萘普生和酮洛芬的去除效率较低，约为50%。在治疗过程中没有观察到丙哌酮和卡马西平的显著去除。进行了8…的河水调查日本的主要河流较多，而玉马川河为医药化学品。在玉马川河中下游水样中检出阿司匹林、克罗他宁、萘普生、甲芬酸和二乙基甲苯胺，浓度范围为几ng/L~数百ng/L，与二级出水中的药物组成相似。这一点以及更多的二次流出物被排放到溪流的事实表明，药物是从二次流出物供应的。没有建议进行显著的流内去除。在其他8条主要河流中检测到的药物浓度比玉马川河低一个数量级。这可能是因为向河流输入的污水较少。在河流中，阿司匹林是药物中的主要成分，这表明它们来自未经处理的污水和/或处理不当的污水，如化粪池污水。较少

Twenty-four-hour composite samples of sewage influents and final effluents were taken from 4 treatment plants in Tokyo every three month for a year and analyzed for pharmaceutical chemicals to understand their behaviors during sewage treatment. Thirteen target Pharmaceuticals were analyzed by gaschromatography equipped with mass spectrometry(GC-MS) following solid-phase extraction and purification using silica gel column chromatography. In the influents aspirin exhibited the highest concentrations of 7300 ng/L on average among the target compounds. In the secondary effluents crotamiton showed highest concentrations of 700 ng/L on average. During primary and secondary treatments aspirin, ibuprofen, and thymol were removed efficiently with over 95 % of removal efficiency whereas triclosan, naprozxen and ketoprofen had lower removal efficiency around 50 %. No significant removal was observed for propyphenazone and carbamazepine during the treatments.River water survey was conducted for 8 … More major rivers in Japan and the Tamagawa River for the pharmaceutical chemicals. The target pharmaceuticals including aspirin, crotamiton, naproxen, mefenamic acid, and diethyltoluamide were detected at locations in middle and lower reaches of the Tamagawa River with concentration range of a few ng/L to hundreds ng/L. The pharmaceutical composition that crotamiton was cominant was similar to those in the secondary effluent. This and the fact that larger amounts of secondary effluents are being discharged to the stream indicate that the pharmaceuticals were supplied form the secondary effluents. No significant in-stream removal was suggested. Concentrations of the pharmaceuticals detected in the other 8 major rivers were one order of magnitude lower than those in the Tamagawa River. This is probably due to less inputs of sewage effluents to the rivers. In the rivers aspirin was dominant component among the pharmaceuticals, suggesting that they were derived from untreated sewage and/or poorly treated sewage such as septic tank effluents. Less