Distributions, behaviors, and biological effects of pharmaceutical chemicals in water environments.

在一年的时间里，每三个月从东京的4个污水处理厂采集24小时的污水流入和最终流出的复合样本，分析其中的药用化学物质，以了解它们在污水处理过程中的行为。在固相萃取和硅胶柱层析纯化后，采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对13种目标药物进行分析。在目标化合物中，阿司匹林的平均浓度最高，为7300 ng/L。在二次出水中，crotamon的平均浓度最高，为700 ng/L。在一级和二级治疗中，阿司匹林、布洛芬和百里香酚的去除效率超过95%，而三氯生、萘普生和酮洛芬的去除效率较低，约为50%。在治疗过程中未观察到丙苯那酮和卡马西平的显著去除。对日本的8条主要河流进行了河流水质调查，对多摩川河进行了医药化学品调查。靶药有阿司匹林、克罗米顿、萘普生、甲胺酸、二乙基甲苯酰胺等，在多摩川河中下游检测到浓度范围为几~几百ng/L。以crotamiton为主要成分的药物成分与二次出水相似。这一点以及大量的二次废水被排放到该溪流的事实表明，药物是从二次废水中供应的。没有建议进行显著的流内清除。在其他8条主要河流中检测到的药物浓度比在多摩川河中的浓度低一个数量级。这可能是由于流入河流的污水较少。在河流中，阿司匹林是药物的主要成分，这表明它们来自未经处理的污水和/或未经处理的污水，如化粪池流出物。少

Twenty-four-hour composite samples of sewage influents and final effluents were taken from 4 treatment plants in Tokyo every three month for a year and analyzed for pharmaceutical chemicals to understand their behaviors during sewage treatment. Thirteen target Pharmaceuticals were analyzed by gaschromatography equipped with mass spectrometry(GC-MS) following solid-phase extraction and purification using silica gel column chromatography. In the influents aspirin exhibited the highest concentrations of 7300 ng/L on average among the target compounds. In the secondary effluents crotamiton showed highest concentrations of 700 ng/L on average. During primary and secondary treatments aspirin, ibuprofen, and thymol were removed efficiently with over 95 % of removal efficiency whereas triclosan, naprozxen and ketoprofen had lower removal efficiency around 50 %. No significant removal was observed for propyphenazone and carbamazepine during the treatments.River water survey was conducted for 8 … More major rivers in Japan and the Tamagawa River for the pharmaceutical chemicals. The target pharmaceuticals including aspirin, crotamiton, naproxen, mefenamic acid, and diethyltoluamide were detected at locations in middle and lower reaches of the Tamagawa River with concentration range of a few ng/L to hundreds ng/L. The pharmaceutical composition that crotamiton was cominant was similar to those in the secondary effluent. This and the fact that larger amounts of secondary effluents are being discharged to the stream indicate that the pharmaceuticals were supplied form the secondary effluents. No significant in-stream removal was suggested. Concentrations of the pharmaceuticals detected in the other 8 major rivers were one order of magnitude lower than those in the Tamagawa River. This is probably due to less inputs of sewage effluents to the rivers. In the rivers aspirin was dominant component among the pharmaceuticals, suggesting that they were derived from untreated sewage and/or poorly treated sewage such as septic tank effluents. Less