Analysis of discourses about "father's use of parental leave" from the perspective of gender : Comparison on the politics of fatherhood between Japan and Europe

思考工作和家庭性别之间的平衡，“父亲利用育儿假”是当今的一个重要项目。为了在社会上实现性别平等，父亲必须和母亲一样享受育儿假。笔者从微观、宏观和中观三个层面进行研究。首先，在微观层面上，我分析了我之前对三个国家(法国、日本和瑞典)家长的访谈，关注性别角色的分配。我发现分担家务的四种最重要的家庭类型：平等型、反向性别角色型、女性双重角色型和男性双重角色型。其次，在宏观层面上，我到法国、挪威和瑞典进行了调研，以了解他们新的育儿假方案。虽然挪威和瑞典有类似的父亲月规定，但瑞典的政策比挪威人更具创新性，因为瑞典政府没有为选择呆在家里的女性引入现金福利。法国的方案没有爸爸夸塔，但引入了11天带薪假期的权利给新生儿的父亲。日本是最后一个共产主义者，但现在开始发生变化。第三，在中观层面，我采访了日本一些先进的公司。一家具有竞争力的大型复印机公司为其员工(无论男性还是女性)提供了许多合理灵活的工作安排选择。一家由许多女性员工组成的大型化妆品公司为她们提供设备齐全的现场日托服务，并为男性员工提供一周的带薪假期。一家只有20名工人的油漆小公司在经济上和工作安排上都给了他们个人支持。这些例子告诉我们，创新有赖于管理者的观念。通过这次研究，我发现社会模式更加重要。南希·弗雷泽的“万能照顾者模式”似乎很有意思。

Thinking work-family balance between gender, "father's use of parental leave" is an important project today. In order to attain gender equality in the society, fathers have to take a parental leave on the same foot as mothers. I focussed on the three levels : micro, macro and meso.First on the micro level, I analyzed my previous interviews with parents in three countries (France, Japan and Sweden) paying attention to the gender role assignment. I found four overriding family types of sharing housework : egaritarian type, reverse gender role type, women's double role type and men's double role type.Secondly on the macro level, I made a research travel to France, Norway and Sweden, in order to know about their new schema of parental leave. Although Norway and Sweden have similar daddy months rule, Swedish policy is more innovative than Norwasians, because Swedish government didn't introduce the cash benefit for women who chose staying home. French schema lacks papa quata, but introduced the right of 11 days paid leave to fathers of a new born baby. Japan is the last commer, but is now beginning to change.Thirdly on the meso level, I interviewed some advanced corporations in Japan. A big competitive company for copy machines gives their workers (male or female) many options of rational flexible working arrangements. A big cosmetic company of many female workers gives them a well equipped on-site-daycare as well as a week of paid leave to male workers. A small company for painting of only 20 workers gives them a personal support financially as well as in working arrangement. These exemples tell us that the innovation depends on the managers ideas.Through this study, I found more importance on the models of society. Nancy Frazer's 'Universal care giver model' seems interesting.