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Knowledge and Praxis : The meaning and the scope of "practical turn" in the theory of knowledge

知识与实践:知识论中“实践转向”的含义和范围

基本信息

批准号：
15520007
负责人：
MURATA Junich
金额：
$ 2.11万
依托单位：
The University of Tokyo
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
2003
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
2003 至 2005
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

The main purpose of this research is to consider various problems related to the relationship between knowledge and praxis from the philosophical and the historical point of view.1. One of the representative views, in which knowledge is interpreted in the context of praxi, is Dewey's pragmatism. Following Dewey's view, we have clarified the close relation between science and technology, which is fundamentally different from the popular views of "applied science".We have also clarified the characteristic view of the relationship between technology and ethics, according to which technology and ethics are considered to work together for solving concrete problems.2. On the basis of this pragmatic view, we tried to develop an alternative perspective for engineering ethics. In this perspective, ethics of engineering must not be restricted in the field of professional ethics but must be extended to the cultural dimension in which engineers' works are embedded and also to the relation between professionals and public, in which the general ethical view such as "civic virtue" plays an important role.3. In the history of science, Bridgman's operationalism is considered one of the representative views, in which the practical character of knowledge is emphasized. Although Bridgman' view has influenced various philosophers' view of knowledge, he himself belongs to a traditional causal view of nature, so that he cannot follow the new development of physics, such as that of quantum theory.4. Experimental instruments played a crucial role in the development of modern science. To clarify this role, we have not only investigated various roles of instruments in the process of the introduction and the development of modern science in early modern Japan, but we also tired to display the results of these investigations in some exhibitions.

本研究的主要目的是从哲学和历史的角度思考与认识和实践的关系有关的各种问题。杜威的实用主义是在实践语境中解释知识的有代表性的观点之一。遵循杜威的观点，我们澄清了科学与技术之间的密切关系，这与流行的“应用科学”观点是根本不同的。我们还澄清了技术与伦理关系的特有观点，即认为技术与伦理是共同解决具体问题的。在这种实用主义观点的基础上，我们试图发展一种工程伦理学的另一种视角。从这个角度来看，工程伦理不应局限于职业伦理领域，而必须延伸到嵌入工程师作品的文化维度，以及专业人员与公众的关系，在其中，“公民美德”等一般伦理观发挥着重要作用。在科学史上，布里奇曼的操作主义被认为是最具代表性的观点之一，强调了知识的实践性。布里奇曼的知识观虽然影响了历代哲学家的知识观，但他本人属于传统的因果论自然观，无法跟上物理学的新发展，如量子理论的发展。实验仪器对现代科学的发展起到了至关重要的作用。为了阐明这一角色，我们不仅考察了仪器在近代日本近代科学引进和发展过程中的各种作用，还试图在一些展览中展示这些调查的结果。