A Study on Establishing Criteria on TOEFL

对1308名学生的177篇作文进行了分析，内容、组织、结构、用词、动词用法、机械结构共8个子类，内容子类6个，结构子类6个，词汇选择子类17个，动词用法子类8个，机械子类4个子类。在内容类中，最常见的问题是意义不清。第二大问题是缺乏支持证据。第三和第四个问题是结论不充分。在组织方面，最大的问题是篇幅太短，句子结构和从属从句结构问题严重，71%的文章出现了问题。另一个结构问题是以连词开头的句子。文章显然是学生作家面临的最大挑战。在177名作者中，有155人在使用文章时犯了错误。学生在动词方面最大的问题是使用了错误的动词和动词时态。学生在他们的文章中存在空格问题，空格太多或太少，在84篇有这个问题的文章中，平均有2.64个空格错误。

The essays of 177 out of 1308 students were analyzed.There are Content, Organization, structure, word Choice, Verb Usage, Mechanics.There are 8 sub categories in Content, 6 in Organization, 6 in Structure, 17 in Word choice, 8 in Verb usage, and 4 in Mechanics.In the category of Content, the most common problem was for unclearmeaning.The second greatest problem found was the lack of supporting evidence.The third and fourth problems concerned weak conclusions. In terms of organization the biggest problem was that these were too short, Problems with sentence structure and dependent clause structures were serious and occurred in 71 % of the essays. Another structure problem was sentences beginning with conjunctions.Articles were clearly the biggest challenge to the student writers. Out of 177 writers, 155 of them made errors in the use of articles.The biggest problem students had with verbs was the use of an incorrect verb and incorrect verb tense.Students had spacing problems in their essay with either too many spaces or too few with an average of 2.64 spacing errors in the 84 essays with this problem.