A Study on Establishing Criteria on TOEFL

从1308名学生中抽取了177名学生的作文进行分析。作文内容分为内容类、组织类、结构类、选词类、动词用法类、力学类。内容类有8个小类，组织类有6个，结构类有6个，选词类有17个，动词用法类有8个，力学类有4个。在内容类中，最常见的问题是含义不清。2第二大问题是缺乏支持性证据。3第三和第四大问题是结论薄弱。在组织方面，最大的问题是这些文章太短，句子结构和依存分句结构的问题很严重，发生在71%的文章中。另一个结构问题是以连词开头的句子。文章显然是学生写作的最大挑战。在177名写作者中，有155人在使用冠词方面存在错误。学生在动词方面最大的问题是使用了错误的动词和错误的动词时态。学生在文章中存在空格问题，空格太多或太少，在84篇有此问题的文章中，平均有2.64个空格错误。

The essays of 177 out of 1308 students were analyzed.There are Content, Organization, structure, word Choice, Verb Usage, Mechanics.There are 8 sub categories in Content, 6 in Organization, 6 in Structure, 17 in Word choice, 8 in Verb usage, and 4 in Mechanics.In the category of Content, the most common problem was for unclearmeaning.The second greatest problem found was the lack of supporting evidence.The third and fourth problems concerned weak conclusions. In terms of organization the biggest problem was that these were too short, Problems with sentence structure and dependent clause structures were serious and occurred in 71 % of the essays. Another structure problem was sentences beginning with conjunctions.Articles were clearly the biggest challenge to the student writers. Out of 177 writers, 155 of them made errors in the use of articles.The biggest problem students had with verbs was the use of an incorrect verb and incorrect verb tense.Students had spacing problems in their essay with either too many spaces or too few with an average of 2.64 spacing errors in the 84 essays with this problem.