Cognitive rehabilitation for memory-impaired individuals : Optimizing the training procedure based on the two-factor model

消失线索法(MVC)被认为是一种无错误和费力的训练程序，因此有望为记忆受损个体提供最佳的学习环境。然而，我们之前的研究表明，MVC不如没有衰落的无错误学习有效。在研究1中，我们对MVC进行了修订，使用知觉退化的刺激作为消失线索来增加消失阶段的数量。失忆症患者被要求在四种不同的研究条件下学习类别-样本对。事实证明，无错学习比有错学习更有益处，重复了之前的发现。相比之下，只有当任务提供的环境支持很少，需要主动提取时，才能从努力中获益。经修订的MVC强调逐步淡化和消除错误，同时保持所涉及的费力的过程。在研究2中，我们介绍了知觉型和概念型…的区别更多地以L的加工来勾画对记忆障碍个体的有效干预。阿尔茨海默病患者在四种研究条件下学习了一系列单词，这四种研究条件都是通过交叉错误(无错误与有错误)和特征(感知与概念)因素来设计的。与其余三个条件相比，无错误和概念性条件会导致更好的回忆。除了消除错误外，强调概念编码可能有助于痴呆症患者的最佳学习。在研究3中，科萨科夫综合征患者和非健忘症对照组被要求学习物体名称，无论是否口头产生他们的动作，以及是否实际执行产生的动作。有或没有执行动作的言语生成促进了再认，而回忆优势只有在言语生成加执行的情况下才被发现。健忘症组和对照组在自我执行任务中具有类似的记忆优势。较少

The method of vanishing cues (MVC) was deemed as an errorless and effortful training procedure and thus was expected to afford the optimal learning environment to memory-impaired individuals. Nevertheless, our previous studies revealed that the MVC was less effective than errorless learning without fading. In Study 1, we revised the MVC in such a way that the number of vanishing stages was increased using perceptually degraded stimuli as vanishing cues. Amnesic patients were asked to learn category-exemplar pairs under four different study conditions. Errorless learning proved to be more beneficial than errorful learning, replicating previous findings. In contrast, the benefit from effort emerged only when the task provided little environmental support and demanded self-initiated retrieval. The revised MVC was found to emphasize gradual fading and error elimination while maintaining effortful processes involved. In Study 2, we introduced the distinction between perceptual and conceptua … More l processing to the delineation of effective intervention for memory-impaired individuals. Patients with Alzheimer's disease learned a list of words under each of four study conditions that were designed by crossing the error (errorless vs. errorful) and the feature (perceptual vs. conceptual) factors. The errorless and conceptual condition led to better recall than did the remaining three conditions. In addition to error elimination, the emphasizing of conceptual encoding was likely to contribute to the optimal learning by dementia patients. In Study 3, patients with Korsakoff's syndrome and nonamnesic controls were required to learn object names with or without verbally generating their actions and with or without actually performing the generated actions. Verbal generation with or without performing actions facilitated recognition, whereas recall advantage was found only in the verbal generation-plus performance condition. A comparable memory advantage of self-performed tasks was confirmed for the amnesic and controls groups. Less