The Role of Manners in Theories on the State and Society During the Directoire

礼仪在指导时期国家和社会理论中的作用本研究项目的目的是调查礼仪（moeurs）在法国大革命后期（大约在2000年）概述的政治理论中的社会包容性作用。1795年至1799年)。鉴于革命后期政治不稳定的特点，共和主义和君主主义或传统主义作家提出了一系列关于国家和社会的理论。他们认为，联邦不仅通过法律的力量而合法化，而且还需要共同的社会道德信念和行动的支持。要分析的文本语料库包括但不限于路易斯·加布里埃尔·安布罗斯·德·博纳、安托万-路易斯-克劳德·德·德·特蕾西、约瑟夫·德·迈斯特、皮埃尔-塞缪尔·杜邦·德·内穆尔、路易斯·ssamubastien Mercier、皮埃尔-路易斯·罗德尔、让-巴蒂斯特·萨伊和伊曼纽尔·约瑟夫·西<s:1>耶斯的作品。基于该文本语料库，将开发术语“moeurs”和“moral”的语义场的精确定义，作为项目的一部分。我们的假设是，自从孟德斯鸠使用这个术语以来，两种对立的概念就发展起来了：一方面，礼仪被认为是政治共同体的社会道德和社会文化基础，另一方面，礼仪被认为是公民自由表现和表达自己的一种手段。与目前的研究状况相反，我们提出，在整个调查期间，在整个政治光谱中发生的对礼仪的政治重估既不是基于对一元论概念的全面求助，也没有导致对政治的过度决定。相反，我们将重点介绍这些研究作品的作者是如何根据共和传统和苏格兰政治经济，为国家与社会之间的关系发展出各种模型的。相应的方法从自由派共和党人到保守派的观点不一，他们对仅仅是法律和经济社会包容的概念持怀疑态度，这一点是一致的。因此，礼仪和道德被以一种改良的方式提及。同时，本研究项目将为更好地理解十九世纪之交社会政治语言的分化提供新的见解。

The Role of Manners in Theories on the State and Society During the DirectoireThe objective of this research project is to investigate the socially inclusive role of manners (moeurs) in the political theories that have been outlined during the late phase of the French Revolution (approx. 1795 to 1799). In the light of the political instability that characterizes the late revolutionary phase, a wide range of theories on the state and society arose from republican as well as monarchist or traditionalist authors. They assumed that the commonwealth is not merely legitimized by the force of law, but that it requires the support of commonly shared sociomoral convictions and actions. The text corpus to be analyzed includes but is not limited to works by Louis Gabriel Ambroise de Bonald, Antoine-Louis-Claude Destutt de Tracy, Joseph de Maistre, Pierre-Samuel Dupont de Nemours, Louis Sébastien Mercier, Pierre-Louis Roederer, Jean-Baptiste Say, and Emmanuel Joseph Sièyes.Based on this text corpus, a precise definition of the semantic field of the terms ‘moeurs’ and ‘moral’ will be developed as part of the project. It is our hypothesis that ever since this terminology has been employed by Montesquieu, two opposing concepts evolved: On the one hand manners were considered the sociomoral and sociocultural foundations of the political community, on the other hand they were conceived as a means through which civil freedom manifested and expressed itself. Contrary to the current state of research, we propose that the political revaluation of manners occurring throughout the investigated period across the entire political spectrum was neither based on a comprehensive recourse on monistic concepts, nor did it result in an overdetermination of the political. Rather, we will highlight how the authors of the examined works developed a variety of models for the relation between the state and society with reference to the republican tradition as well as the Scottish political economy. The corresponding approaches ranged from liberal republican to conservative perspectives and were unified in their skepticism towards the notion of a mere legal as well as economic social inclusion. Hence, manners and morality were referred to in a modified manner. At the same time, this research project will gain new insights for a better understanding of the differentiation of the sociopolitical language at the turn of the nineteenth century.