Rule over Foreign Peoples and Realms. Forms, Objectives and Problems of Conquest Politics in the Middle Ages

对外国人民和领域的统治。

• 批准号: 464499198
• 负责人: Professor Dr. Hermann Kamp
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Lehrstuhl Mittelalterliche Geschichte
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Publication Grants
• 财政年份: 2021
• 资助国家: 德国
• 起止时间: 2020-12-31 至 2021-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/464499198?language=en
• 关键词: Rule; over; Foreign; Peoples; Realms.

This volume documents systematically the forms, goals and problems of conquests in the European Middle Ages that were designed to subjugate foreign peoples or realms. It fulfills this objective on the one hand, by looking at the most important conquests the most important conquests of this period from the British Isles via Spain to the Baltic States. On the other, by the comparative approach of the individual contributions that thus provide model-like statements on the motives, aims, course of events and regimes of rule associated with conquests for certain periods and regions. On this basis, the volume allows the typical characteristics of medieval conquests to emerge: firstly, the close intertwining of political, economic and religious motives and, secondly, the social range of the actors among whom the kings dominated, but in many regions the high nobility, bishops and orders of knights could also play a determining role. And thirdly, the overall picture shows the broad spectrum of forms of rule that conquerors applied to secure the acquisition of territory. Given the limited logistical and administrative resources, indirect forms of supremacy seemed to have been the means of choice. Only in cases of strong resistance did conquerors resort to direct rule as ultima ratio which could then also lead to a profound transformation of the political and social order in the subjugated territories. Nevertheless, cooperation with the elites of the conquered empires, and thus the search for consensus, remained an objective of conquest policy, even if the form and success varied from case to case. The example of the Norman and Hohenstaufen conquests in southern Italy also shows how the conquered were able to exploit the confusion caused by the power struggle to their own advantage and influence the course of the conquest. Completely new insights are also provided by the legal-historical explanations, which show how conquests themselves productively developed the law, so that a right of conquest determined by feudal law and particularly applicable to non-Christians was established in stages, although its validity was by no means undisputed. The ambivalent status of conquest in the political and literary discourse of the Middle Ages is highlighted by various contributions that deal primarily with the justification of conquest. Even if the subjugation of foreign peoples brought fame and could be justified as an expression of a ruler’s determination, a conquest usually only appeared legitimate if it put an end to existing injustice, was presented as a reconquest or was motivated as a step towards salvation. The last aspect corresponds to the religiously charged character of war, which was diagnosed several times for conquests of non-Christian territories and was accompanied by the sacralisation of the landscape to be conquered.

本书系统地记录了欧洲中世纪征服的形式、目标和问题，这些征服旨在征服外国人民或王国。它实现了这一目标，一方面，通过考察这一时期最重要的征服，从不列颠群岛，经过西班牙，到波罗的海国家。另一方面，通过对个人贡献的比较方法，从而提供了关于某些时期和地区征服的动机、目的、事件进程和统治制度的模式化陈述。在此基础上，这本书揭示了中世纪征服的典型特征：首先，政治、经济和宗教动机紧密交织;其次，参与者的社会范围，国王在其中占主导地位，但在许多地区，高等贵族、主教和骑士团也可以发挥决定性作用。第三，总体情况显示了征服者为确保获得领土而采用的广泛的统治形式。由于后勤和行政资源有限，间接形式的霸权似乎是首选的手段。只有在遭到强烈抵抗的情况下，征服者才诉诸直接统治作为最后手段，这也可能导致被征服领土上政治和社会秩序的深刻变革。尽管如此，与被征服帝国的精英合作，从而寻求共识，仍然是征服政策的目标，尽管形式和成功因情况而异。诺曼人和霍亨斯陶芬人征服意大利南部的例子也说明了被征服者如何能够利用权力斗争造成的混乱来为自己谋利，并影响征服的进程。法律历史学的解释也提供了全新的见解，它表明征服本身是如何富有成效地发展法律的，因此，由封建法律决定的、特别适用于非基督徒的征服权是分阶段确立的，尽管它的有效性并非毫无争议。在中世纪的政治和文学话语中，征服的矛盾地位在主要处理征服正当性的各种贡献中得到了强调。即使征服外国人民带来了名声，并可被证明是统治者决心的一种表现，但征服通常只有在结束现有的不公正、被视为重新征服或被视为走向拯救的一步时才显得合法。最后一个方面对应于战争的宗教色彩，它多次被诊断为征服非基督教领土，并伴随着被征服的景观的神圣化。