Coordination Funds

活动星系核（AGN）可以形成强大的准直相对论外流，称为喷流，它携带着物质在超大质量黑洞（SMBH）吸积过程中释放的总引力能的一小部分。AGN喷流在电磁波谱上发出明亮的光，经常表现出明显的超光速运动，并通过星际介质（ISM）中的AGN反馈参与恒星形成和星系演化的调节。在星系尺度之外，AGN喷流在加热星系团内介质（ICM）方面起着主导作用，对星系团的演化和宇宙结构的形成产生重大影响。喷流的形成解决了长期存在的基本物理问题，这些问题与从中央SMBH提取旋转能量以及从这些致密物体周围的吸积盘形成磁流有关。AGN喷射成像现在可以在无线电波段使用毫米波长的甚长基线干涉测量（VLBI），产生前所未有的喷射发射区的角分辨率。现在很清楚，AGN喷流是从SMBHs中出现的，其脚点小到几个引力半径，而高能伽马射线观测已经证明了甚至小于一个引力半径的发射区域的存在。最近，AGN喷流已经与高能中微子联系在一起，并且是长期追求的超高能宇宙射线来源最有可能的候选者之一。在短短几年内，这些令人印象深刻的观测突破使AGN喷流成为现代天体粒子物理学的焦点。然而，关于它们的组成、形成、准直和耗散的基本问题仍然没有解决。相对论性喷流是如何从超大质量黑洞附近发射出来的？它们是如何加速和校准的？2.哪些辐射和动力学过程控制着AGN喷流的高能发射？ AGN喷流由什么组成？3.AGN喷流是如何与宿主星系相互作用的？AGN反馈如何加热ICM，哪些是观测信号？这个研究小组汇集了世界领先的理论、建模、观测和agn喷射物理所有相关角度的解释专家，根据最新天文设施在所有观测波长收集的改变游戏规则的新观测信息，为这些问题提供答案。

Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) can form powerful collimated relativistic outflows, called jets, which carry a fraction of the total gravitational energy released during the accretion of matter onto a supermassive black hole (SMBH). AGN jets emit brightly across the electromagnetic spectrum, often exhibit apparent superluminal motion, and are involved in the regulation of star formation and galaxy evolution via AGN feedback in the interstellar medium (ISM). Beyond the galaxy scale, AGN jets play a dominant role in heating the intracluster medium (ICM) and cause a substantial impact on the evolution of galaxy clusters and cosmological structure formation. The formation of jets addresses long-standing fundamental physics questions related to the extraction of rotational energy from the central SMBH and the formation of hydromagnetic flows from accretion disks around such compact objects. Imaging of AGN jets is now possible in the radio band using Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) at millimetre wavelengths, yielding unprecedented angular resolution of the jet-launching zone. It is now clear that AGN jets are emerging from SMBHs with foot points as small as a few gravitational radii, and very-high-energy gamma-ray observations have demonstrated the existence of emission regions even smaller than one gravitational radius. Recently, AGN jets have been associated with very-high energy neutrinos and are among the most likely candidates for the long sought-after sources of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays. These impressive observational breakthroughs within only a few years have moved AGN jets into the focus of modern astroparticle physics. However, fundamental questions regarding their composition, formation, collimation, and dissipation are still open: 1.How are relativistic jets launched from the vicinity of supermassive black holes? How are they accelerated and collimated? 2.Which radiative and dynamic processes govern the high-energy emission of AGN jets and what are AGN jets composed of? 3.How do AGN jets interact with their host galaxy? How does AGN feedback heat the ICM and which are the observational signatures?This research group brings together world-leading experts on theory, modeling, observation, and interpretation of all relevant angles of AGN-jet physics to deliver answers to these questions in the light of game-changing new observational information collected by the latest astronomical facilities at all observational wavelengths.