Molecular biology of calus formation after mandibular reconstruction using vasculized long bone

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A new mandibular reconstruction model using the saphenous artery osteocutaneous flap is developed in the rat. The saphenous artery osteocutaneous flap in the rat was reported by Mutaf, et al in the Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 1994. This is a true osteocutaneous flap flap composed of a skin island from the medial aspect of the lower leg, the the gracilis and semitendinosus muscles, and a bone segment from the tibia based on the saphenous vascular pedicle. The mandibular defect was reconstructed by the vascularized tibia harvested in these technigue.The process of membranous bone healing has not been clearly understood. The union of fibrous bone was assumed to be the only process in the healing of membranous bones. In the present study, cartilage formation associated with the bone healing process was observed. These findings are similar to early stage of endochondral (long) bone healing. It is concluded that cartilage tissue is formed in the process of membranous bone defect healing. In comparison with the long bone defect healing process, however, callus formation was limited.We conclude that membranous bone periosteum is not main factor in the repair of bone defects, and that bone formation from membranous periosteum dose not itself completely heal the bone defect. The present observations indicated that the main sources of bone formation are the endosteum and bone marrow. We are of the union their investigation reveals the healing process of membranous bone defects to differ from that of endochondral ossification.