Theoretical and Empirical Research on Knowledge-intensive Industrial Clusters: With Special Reference to India

本研究以印度软件产业集群为例，考察了知识型产业集群的形成和发展模式。特别是，研究集中在集群内当地劳动力市场的动态，集群内软件公司之间劳动分工、雇佣关系和技能发展的变化模式，以及企业在集群内和集群外建立的公司间联系。为了进行这项研究，我在印度进行了两轮实地考察；第一轮是2004年在班加罗尔(卡纳塔克邦)，第二轮是2005/2006年在班加罗尔、普纳(马哈拉施特拉邦)和国家首都地区(NCR)。在实地调查期间，我采访了这些集群中约40家不同规模的IT公司，并从政府办公室、IT相关行业协会和工程学院收集了数据。分析了：1)影响软件集群形成和发展的因素，并对它们进行了…比较印度产业集群(软件、汽车、制药和消费电子)的结构和地理分布；3)区域创新系统(RIS)的模式，包括公司、政府、研究机构和行业协会之间的网络程度；4)软件公司建立竞争力和促进创新的体制机制和公司层面的战略，特别是在集群内的小公司；5)集群式和非集群式公司在企业层面行为和业绩方面的差异；6)有利于软件企业创新的因素，重点是技能、企业层面的技术能力和全球网络。这项研究的结果已经在波特兰、班加罗尔、槟城、东京、墨西哥城、千叶市、里约热内卢和德里举行的11次国际会议上公布，并产生了7篇学术论文，其中2篇发表在国际期刊上，3篇作为书的章节在国际上发表。

This research examined the patterns of formation and development of knowledge-based industrial clusters with special reference to the Indian software clusters. In particular, the research focused on the dynamics of local labor markets within the clusters, the changing patterns of division of labor, employment relations and skills development among software firms in clusters, and the interfirm linkages that firms forge within and outside clusters. To conduct this research, I carried out two rounds of fieldwork in India; the first round in Bangalore (in Karnataka) in 2004, and the second in Bangalore, Pune (in Maharashtra), and the National Capital Region (NCR) in 2005/2006. During the fieldwork, I interviewed with about 40 IT firms of different size in these clusters, and collected data from government offices, IT-related industrial associations, and engineering colleges. I analyzed: 1) the factors that contributed to the formation and development of software clusters, and compared them … More with those of "old-economy" clusters such as automobiles' ; 2) the structures and geographical distributions of industrial clusters in India (software, automobiles, pharmaceuticals, and consumer electronics) ; 3) the patterns of regional innovation systems (RIS), including the extent of networks among firms, government, research institutions, and industrial associations ; 4) the institutional mechanisms and firm-level strategies of software firms to build competitiveness and promote innovation, particularly among small firms within the clusters ; 5) the differences in firm-level behavior and performance between clustered-and non-clustered firms; and 6) the factors that are conducive to innovation among software firms, with focus on skills, firm-level technological capabilities, and global networks. The results of this study have been presented at 11 international conferences held in Portland, Bangalore, Penang, Tokyo, Mexico-City, Chiba, Rio de Janeiro, and Delhi, and have resulted in 7 academic papers, two of which were published in international journals, and three were published internationally as book chapters.2reko-do Less