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An Quantitative Analysis of Agricultural Institution and Market System in Medieval England

中世纪英国农业制度与市场体系的定量分析

基本信息

批准号：
16530237
负责人：
KANZAKA Junichi
金额：
$ 2.05万
依托单位：
SOKA UNIVERSITY
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
2004
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
2004 至 2006
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/en/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-16530237/
关键词：
labor services the Middle Ages England the Hundred Rolls economic history contract theory draft animals 犂耕家畜中世イングランド共同体栄養中世イングランド共同体農業制度

项目摘要

In medieval England, peasants made a contract with a landlord to work on the lord's farmland for certain days in exchange for holding an amount of land. Although many historians have regarded this "labor services" as an irrational, "feudal" custom, we built an economic model which shows the rationality of this contract. In medieval agriculture, it is important to take care of livestock which plough and harrow fields. When the landlord possesses horses and oxen and lets hired laborers tend the livestock, the workers do not have incentive to spend much time for that task. This results in declining productivity of the farmland. In contrast, if peasants keep draft-animals which they use for cultivating their own land as well as the landlords' demesne, the peasants have strong enough incentive to take care of them. Exploiting the well cared animals, landlords enhance the productivity of their demesne. Therefore, to induce peasants who possess horses and oxen to make a contract of labor services, landlords give some "rent" to their tenants. Thus, our model predicts that peasants bear a lighter burden when they perform labor services than when they pay fixed rent; the monetary value of labor services per acre estimated by the wage of each task is lower than the fixed rent. Next, we validate this hypothesis against the record of the Hundred Rolls of 1279-80, from which we make a database of approximately 11,000 unfree peasant holdings. This analysis shows that the value of labor services performed by tenants of one or half a virgate, the necessary amount of land to keep horses and oxen, was usually less than that of fixed rent. Since peasants possessing draft-animals were indispensable for demesne farming, "rational" landlords required these peasants labor services in exchange for providing large plots at a relatively low rent.

在中世纪的英格兰，农民与地主签订合同，在地主的农田上工作几天，以换取一定数量的土地。虽然许多历史学家认为这种“劳务”是一种不合理的“封建”习俗，但我们建立了一个经济模型来说明这种契约的合理性。在中世纪的农业中，照顾耕地和耙田的牲畜是很重要的。当地主拥有马和牛，并让雇佣工人照顾牲畜时，工人就没有动力花太多时间去做这项工作。这导致了农田生产力的下降。相反，如果农民饲养用于耕种自己的土地和地主的土地的驮畜，农民就有足够的动机去照顾它们。地主利用精心照料的动物，提高了他们领地的生产力。因此，地主为了诱使有马有牛的农民签订劳务合同，就给佃农一些“租金”。因此，我们的模型预测，农民在提供劳务时比支付固定租金时承担的负担更轻;由每项任务的工资估计的每英亩劳务的货币价值低于固定租金。接下来，我们用1279- 1280年的《百卷书》记录来验证这一假设，我们从中建立了一个大约11,000个非自由农民土地的数据库。这种分析表明，一个或半个维盖特（Virgate）的佃户所提供的劳动服务的价值，通常低于固定地租的价值。维盖特是饲养马匹和牛所必需的土地。由于拥有驮畜的农民是自耕农不可或缺的，“理性的”地主要求这些农民以较低的租金提供大片土地作为交换。