Accumulation in textiles and release by laundry as an emission pathway for aromatic amines from indoor environments to waste- and surface waters

室内环境中的化学品污染包括由室内物体、材料或室内人类活动排放的各种化学品，当这些化学品进入水循环时，可能对水生生态系统构成风险。我们假设，从室内环境中排放的芳香胺（AAs）显着有助于AAs的总量和相关的致突变性在接收这些排放物的表面沃茨中观察到。被室内排放源的AA污染的洗涤纺织品作为这些物质进入废水的载体。这一途径可能有助于我们更好地了解在地表沃茨中没有明确排放源的AA的发生。许多研究报告称，AA是地表沃茨以及源自室内人类活动（如吸烟和烤肉）的生活废水沃茨中致突变性的关键驱动因素。它们可以通过气体吸附或颗粒（如室内灰尘）的积累吸附到纺织品上。因此，我们的目标是从以下四个方面研究室内芳香胺通过纺织品洗衣沃茨进入地表沃茨的途径：（i）官能团特异性非靶筛选，以检测沿着所建议的途径的所有基质中的整个化合物类别，即纺织品、灰尘、洗衣水的提取物，（二）开发和使用监测工具，从废水和地表水中选择性地富集芳香胺，以揭示其在废水处理厂的命运和对水生生物的相关风险，（三）通过实验室和实地纺织品接触实验，表征纺织品通过空气和颗粒粘附吸收芳香胺及其在室内环境中的分布，以及（四）应用所有开发的工具和方法，结合诊断致突变性测试，以阐明拟议排放途径的输入。这包括在室内环境中暴露于不同AA来源的纺织品、洗衣实验以及从污水处理厂和污水接收沃茨中采集样本，以确定与来源相关的模式，并揭示驱动所观察到的致突变活动的关键AA。通过这种方法，我们的目标是弥合室内暴露和环境污染之间迄今尚未探索的差距。该项目将联合收割机结合一个德国和一个捷克研究所的专门知识，包括复杂环境混合物中有机污染物的目标可疑和非目标筛选、地表水诱变性和致病化学品、基于效应的工具、环境基质中的被动采样、室内环境中化合物的分布机制。

Chemical contamination in indoor environments contains a wide range of chemicals emitted by indoor objects, materials or indoor human activities and can pose a risk to aquatic ecosystems when the chemicals enter the water cycle. We hypothesize that aromatic amines (AAs) emitted from indoor environments significantly contribute to the total amount of AAs and related mutagenicity observed in surface waters receiving these emissions. Laundered textiles contaminated with AAs by indoor emission sources act as a vector of these substances to wastewaters. This pathway may help us understand better the occurrence of AAs without clear emission sources found in surface waters. AAs are reported in many studies to be key drivers of mutagenicity in surface waters, as well as in domestic wastewaters originating from indoor human activities like tobacco smoking and grilling meat. They can adsorb to textiles via gaseous sorption or accumulation of particles such as house dust. Therefore, we aim to investigate the pathway of indoor aromatic amines via textile laundry waters into surface waters in the following four aspects: (i) functional group specific nontarget screening to detect the whole compound class in all matrices along the suggested pathway, namely, extracts of textile, dust, laundry water, wastewater and surface water (ii) development and use of monitoring tools to selectively enrich aromatic amines from wastewater and surfacewaters to unravel their fate in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and associated risk to aquatic organisms (iii) characterizing uptake of aromatic amines on textiles through air and particle adhesion and their distribution in indoor environments via laboratory and field-based textile exposure experiments and (iv) applying all developed tools and methods in combination with diagnostic mutagenicity testing to elucidate the input of the proposed emission pathway. This includes textile exposure in indoor environments with different AA sources, laundry experiments, and sample collection from WWTPs and effluent receiving waters to identify the source-related patterns, and to unravel the key AAs that drive the observed mutagenic activities. With this approach we aim to bridge the so far unexplored gap between indoor exposure and environmental contamination. This project will combine the expertise of one German and one Czech research institute,including target suspect and nontarget screening of organic contaminants in complex environmental mixtures, surface water mutagenicity and causative chemicals, effect-based tools, passive sampling in environmental matrices, distribution mechanisms ofcompounds in indoor environments.