From learning through population dynamics to coevolution in three-species interactions : experiment and modeling

在食饵-捕食者实验系统中产生了各种种群动态模式。在典型的三种实验系统中，我们研究了1个寄主-2类寄生系统和2个寄主-1类寄生系统。翼类黄蜂Anisopteromalus calandrae是这些系统的关键物种。这是因为它控制了在前者系统中攻击率较高的茧蜂，而在后者系统中，它更多地攻击优势竞争对手斑纹豆象，从而使三种实验系统具有长期持久性。我们研究了赤眼蜂的学习、行为和寄生偏好。此外，还利用时间序列分析和基于个体的建模方法对三个物种的种群动态进行了分析，并比较了两种棕榈科树种的竞争曲线，并比较了两种豆科树种间的竞争曲线。C.maculates是一种竞赛类型，Do…寄生小蜂的选择性实验我们用中华小蜂和斑小蜂4龄幼虫和幼虫，测定了它们对两种褐飞虱寄主的选择性。我们让每一只新出现的黄蜂攻击寄生寄生蜂的同种或异种特定的布鲁奇氏宿主，并通过视频记录跟踪黄蜂的路径。这些视频跟踪和寄生实验使我们能够了解到斑潜蝇的行为。随着寄生天数和寄生天数的不同，寄生偏好越来越强。长期观察三种种群的种群动态在三种实验系统中观察到长期种群动态。在二种子系统中，优势寄主物种的种群周期交替发生，而在三种系统中，优势寄主物种的种群周期表现为长期持续。在具有切换和学习的寄生种群动态模型中也表现出同样的规律。较少

Various population dynamic patterns generate in prey-predator experimental systems. In typical three-species experimental systems, we investigated 1 host-2 parasitoid system and 2 host-1 parasitoid one. A pteromalid wasp, Anisopteromalus calandrae, is a key-stone species in those systems. It makes the three-species experimental systems long-term persistence, because it controlled a braconid wasp, Heterospilus prosopidis, which had higher attack rate in the former system, and it attacked more a dominant competitor, Callosobruchus maculatus, in the latter system. We studied learning, behavior of A.calandrae for parasitism preference. In addition, population dynamics of the three species, time-series analysis and individual-based modeling.Comparison between competition curves of the two bruchid speciesC.chinensis and C.maculates were provided with Vigna angularis and V.sinensis seeds, and we compared the competition curves between the two bruchid species. C.maculates is a contest-type, do … More minant competitor, and it depressed competitively C.chinensis which is scramble.Parasitoid's preference experimentWe provided A.calandrae with C.chinensis and C.maculates 4^<th>-instar larvae and pupae and measured the preference for the two bruchid host species. We made each emergent wasp attack ether con- or hetero-specific bruchid hosts in which the parasitoid grew, and we tracked paths of the wasp with video recording. These video-tracking and parasitism experiment allowed us learning behavior of A.calandrae. Preference of parasitism was reinforced more and more, depending on the parasitism numbers on each host and the number of days.Observation of long-term three-species population dynamicsLong-term population dynamics was observed in three-species experimental systems. In the two-seed system, population cycles of dominant host species generated alternately and long-term persistence was seen in the three-species system. The same patterns were showed in a population dynamic model with switching and learning in parasitism. Less