Study on the Citizen-initiated authority as the basis for the "Pro-Citizen Monetary Circulation Society" : On the case of Seattle Monorail Project

本研究的主要议题是“亲民货币流通社会”。如何根据当地居民的意愿和意愿，将资金和资金控制在当地居民享有的公共利益上？本文旨在阐明(1)公民如何控制公共资金以达到公共利益，以及(2)公民应该如何体现他们对“权威”的权利。首先，观察了最近关于地方治理的国际比较研究(Denters 2005)，以及对居委会规划和公投以及地方倡议(Maeyama 2004)等“地方民主”工具的研究结果。在本研究的第一部分，美国公投和民众倡议的背景，特别提到了1978年加州的“纳税人反抗”/“投票倡议革命”，以及它作为“de…”成为地方(城市)居民的有效工具的过程。第二部分介绍了2002年成功建立西雅图单轨铁路项目管理局(SMPA)的民众倡议，以及它的“公民驱动”权威。我们的发现是：(1)“公民手中的公共权力”是通过征款投票(2002)建立的，并由“公民治理”通过公民委员会进行管理，而不需要城市的帮助。(2)SMPA计划向56万名车主征收“机动车运动税”，预计将使西雅图地区1356名工人就业增加1.3%，销售税增加2.12%，营业税和职业税增加1.25%。(3)“公民主导”当局的一些程序似乎非常糟糕，例如公路/铁路许可。城市对所有事务和事物拥有管辖权的教条正在与“治理社会”相匹配。(4)这一案例展示了“有分区和预算的城市对有特定领域规划权的公民权力”的图式。这一挑战表明，民众倡议(征款投票)可以使公民驱动的公共权力在投票行动之外获得独立的份额，也意味着这种社会实验由于其史无前例的性质而引发和暴露了许多问题。较少

The main issue of this research is "Pro-Citizen Monetary Circulation Society". How the money and funds would be controlled for the public benefit that local residents enjoy by the intention/wish of the local residents? This article aims at clarifying (1) how citizen can control the public money/fund for the public benefit, and (2) how should be the device that citizen should embody their rights as for "authority".First of all the observation was done concerning the recent international comparison study about local governance (Denters 2005),and the result from study on devices for "local democracy" such as neighborhood council planning and referendum and local initiative (Maeyama 2004)In the I part of this research the background of the referendum and popular initiative in the U.S, especially the "revolt of Tax Payer"/"ballot initiative revolution" in California (1978) is mentioned and also the process in which it has become the efficient tool for residents in localities (cities) as "De … More mocratic Governance" is mentioned.In the II part the popular initiative that could succeed to build the Seattle Monorail Project Authority (SMPA) in 2002, and its "citizen-driven" authority.Our findings are (1) The "public authority by hands of citizen" was built by levy voting (2002), and managed by "citizen governance" through citizen boards without help from the city. (2) SMPA planed to collect "Motor vehicle Exercise Tax" from the 560,000 car owners and, estimate to produce 1.3% job-increase among 1,356 workers, 2.12% increase of Sales Tax, 1.25% increase of Business and Occupation Tax in Seattle area. (3) Some procedures for the "citizen-driven" authority seems very poor, such as permission to road/rail. The dogma that the city has jurisdiction over all the matters and things are getting matched to "governance society". (4) This case shows the schema "the city that has zoning and budget VS the citizen authority that has right for planning in specific realm.This challenge shows that the popular initiative (levy voting) could make independent share as for citizen-driven public authority just beyond ballot action, and also means that this social experiment caused and made many issues visible due to its unprecedentedness. Less