Research of realistic optimism in preschool children

学龄前儿童现实乐观主义研究

• 批准号: 17530494
• 负责人: OBANAWA Wright Naoko
• 金额: $ 1.09万
• 依托单位: Mukogawa Women's University
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
• 财政年份: 2005
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 2005 至 2006
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/en/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-17530494/
• 关键词: optimism of preschoolers; attributional style; salivary α-amylase; 帰属・認知スタイル; 幼児の楽観性

According to Seligman(1991), the optimistic style is defined as a tendency to attribute negative events to external, unstable, and specific causes, whereas a pessimistic style entails the attribution of such events to internal, stable, and global causes. Although prior research had demonstrated that the optimistic attributional style was linked with physical and psychological health, it has been pointed out that optimistic bias without accepting negative feedback causes unrealistic optimism. Young children are supposed to be more optimistic and resilient than adolescents and adults, but often unrealistic. The purpose of this study was to illustrate preschool-age children's realistic optimism through interviews with children, assay of salivary a-amylase, and questionnaires to their parents. In the interviews, 171 fouryear-olds and five-year-olds were asked about their attributional style to their successes and failures in the past. Salivary a-amylase was collected with Salivette and als … More o measured by a portable monitor (α-Amy). For each child, a parent completed 3 items (external-internal, unstable-stable, specific-global) by 6 ratings for 5 successful situations and 5 failed situations for their children. The results showed that preschool children attributed not only successes but also their failures to internal causes, although most children showed an optimistic attributional style in the aspects of unstable- stable and specific-global. In the highly optimistic attributional group, there were a certain number of children who chose positive emotional response at both success and failure, and their salivary a-amylase increased significantly compared to that of children who chose positive emotional responses at success and negative at failure. Also, in parents' ratings of children who chose positive emotional responses at both success and failure the low optimistic attributional group showed higher ratings than the highly optimistic attributional group. From these results, realistic optimism of preschool children is discussed. Less

根据塞利格曼(1991)的定义，乐观风格被定义为将负面事件归因于外部的、不稳定的和特定的原因的倾向，而悲观风格则将这些事件归因于内部的、稳定的和全球的原因。虽然先前的研究已经证明，乐观归因方式与身心健康有关，但也有研究指出，不接受负面反馈的乐观倾向会导致不切实际的乐观。幼儿应该比青少年和成年人更乐观、更有韧性，但往往不切实际。本研究旨在通过对学龄前儿童的访谈、唾液a-淀粉酶的测定以及对其家长的问卷调查，来说明学龄前儿童的现实乐观主义。在采访中，171名4岁和5岁的儿童被问及他们对过去成功和失败的归因方式。唾液a-淀粉酶用Salivette和ALS…收集更多的是通过便携式监视器(α-AMY)测量的。对于每个孩子，父母完成了3个项目(外部-内部，不稳定-稳定，特定-全局)，通过6个评级为他们的孩子完成了5个成功情境和5个失败情境。结果表明，尽管大多数幼儿在不稳定-稳定和具体-全局方面表现出乐观的归因风格，但学龄前儿童不仅将成功归因于内因，也将失败归因于内因。在高度乐观归因组中，有一定数量的儿童在成功和失败时都选择积极的情绪反应，与选择成功时积极情绪反应和失败时消极情绪反应的儿童相比，他们的唾液α-淀粉酶显著升高。此外，在父母对孩子在成功和失败时都选择积极情绪反应的评分中，低乐观归因组的评分高于高度乐观归因组。根据这些结果，讨论了学龄前儿童的现实乐观主义。较少