A Study of the System for Publishing Chinese Sectarian Baojuan

自明清以来，宝卷，或“珍贵的卷轴”，一直被视为流行的深奥宗教的经文。由于它们是反建制的出版物，许多原版被禁，因此只有清末民国时期的手稿和再版得以保存下来，这使得从出版文化史的角度进行研究变得困难。但对中国和美国保存的明代宝卷的考察发现，早期的宝卷大致可分为“宗派主义”宝卷和“叙事性”宝卷，前者是民间宗教的经典，后者是民间文学作品，而且在明上半叶及更早的时期，以宗派主义宝卷为主。在本研究计划的前两年，重点是调查明清两代宗教性宝卷的原始版本的下落，并对这些作品进行书目研究，在此过程中，发现了一部迄今为止未知的《黄天道》宗教性宝卷，称为《普府周流五散三宝卷》。随着内容的曝光，它的编纂者是中国北方宣化县人，并委托北京经书店党家出版。本研究的后两年，分析了明代宗派主义宝卷出版人的特点。明朝期间，北京出版了许多不同种类的宝卷，它们的出版是由经营经书的商店承担的，比如党家，而且，正如《弘阳教义宝卷》开头所题写的捐助者所表明的那样，似乎是皇亲，宫女，皇亲，官僚，地方地主，乡村士绅对各教派的宗教活动提供资金和支持。由于经店还承接了《北藏藏经》北京版等官方认可的出版物的出版，因此宝卷的出版版本与官方认可的宗教经典的版式或相似或相同。换句话说，从宝卷的性质来看，从明朝到清初，以佛经形式装订的宗教性宝卷并没有受到朝代的出版管制，直到清雍正年间才开始被禁。少

Since the Ming and Qing, baojuan, or "precious scrolls," have been regarded as the scriptures of popular esoteric religions. Because they were anti-establishment publications, many of the original editions were proscribed, and consequently only manuscripts and reprints from the late Qing and Republican period have survived, making this an area in which it has been difficult to conduct research from the perspective of the history of publishing culture.But an investigation of Ming-dynasty baojuan preserved in China and the United States has revealed that early baojuan can be broadly divided into "sectarian" baojuan, which were the scriptures of popular religions, and "narrative" baojuan, which were popular works of literature, and that in the first half of the Ming and earlier it was sectarian baojuan that predominated. In the first two years of this planned research project, emphasis was placed on a survey of the whereabouts of original editions of sectarian baojuan of the Ming and earl … More y Qing and on the bibliographical study of these works, during the course of which a hitherto unknown sectarian baojuan of the Way of Yellow Heaven (Huangtiandao), called Pufu zhouliu wushisan san baojuan, was discovered, and along with its content it came to light that its compiler was from Xuanfu (Xuanhua county) in northern China and that he had entrusted its publication to the Dangjia, a shop dealing in scriptures in Beijing.During the second two years of this study, the character of the publishers of sectarian baojuan during the Ming was analyzed. Many different kinds of baojuan were published in Beijing during the Ming, and their publication was undertaken by shops dealing in scriptures, such as the Dangjia, and, as is indicated by the donors inscribed at the start of baojuan of the Hongyang Teachings, it seems that imperial consorts, palace women, imperial relatives, bureaucrats, provincial landowners, and the rural gentry provided funds and supported the religious activities of each sect. Because shops dealing in scriptures also took on the publication of officially sanctioned publications such as the Beijing edition of the Buddhist canon (Beizang), the format of the published editions of baojuan and officially sanctioned religious scriptures were either similar or of the same type. In other words, when the character of baojuan is considered in light of their publishers, from the Ming through to the early Qing sectarian baojuan bound in the form of sutras were not caught by the dynasty's controls on publication, and they began to be banned only during the reign of Yongzheng of the Qing. Less