Evolutionary geography of macaques in Continental Asia : dispersal and diversification

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Geographical variation, ecological segregation mechanism through adaptations in positional behavior and habitat preference among sympatric species, and reproductive isolation mechanism through social behavior were clarified for Asian continentalmacaques. Within rhesus macaques we recognized western and eastern Indochina populations as distinct forms and determined conditions of hybridization. For each of assamese, northern pig-tailed and stump-tailed macaques, though with generally similar morphology, we found geographical variations and phylogeographic relations between species or subspecies in respective species groups.