Evolution of Macaques(genus Macaca)in Indochina Peninsula : mainly the rhesus(Macaca mulatto)and long-tailed macaques(M. fascicularis)

恒河猴（猕猴）和长尾猕猴（猕猴）。在亚洲分布广泛，是成功种。两种亲缘关系相近，分布在北纬15-20°左右的东南亚地区。Mm的地理变异不是亚种而是类群（Fooden, 2000），东部和西部类群分别分布在中国及其邻近地区和印度及其邻近地区，尾长形态不同。分布在东部种群和北部种群的中间区域的种群，即印度支那种群，已知与这两个种群不同，它们的起源被假设为：1)它们是没有尾巴缩短的老年种群，或2)它们从邻近的Mf种群中接受了渗透。分布在Kra地峡北部（约10°N）的M. f. fascicularis种群也被认为有更多来自Mm的渗入。为了验证这两个假设并阐明渗透的地理格局是本研究的目的，我们发现1)怀疑是杂交的Mm和Mf分布在越南，老挝和泰国东北部的边界地带；分别位于克拉地峡以北的印度支那半岛；在缅甸及其附近分布的m.f.a aurea亚种和准典型分布的Mm没有杂交的迹象；2)越南与泰国东北部（和老挝）的渗透模式不同。从这些事实可以看出，在m和m同时分布的更新世冰期，难民区发生了渗水，难民区地形的差异和难民区之间的隔离程度导致了两个地区之间不同的渗水模式。在泰国西部和缅甸，人们认为这两个物种不会共享避难所，也不会在避难所之间发生基因流动（杂交）。少

Rhesus (Macaca mulatta, Mm hereafter) and long-tailed macaques(M. fascicularis, Mf)are successful species as exhibited by their extensive distribution in Asia. The two species are phylogentically close with each other, and have the boundary zone of distribution in SE Asia around 15-20° North. The geographical variants of Mm are not regarded as subspecies but groups (Fooden, 2000), and eastern and western groups are distributed in China and its vicinity and India and its vicinity, respectively, which morphologically differ in tail length. Populations distributed to the intermediate area of east and north groups, that is, Indochina populations have been known to differ from the two groups, and their origin is hypothesized as either 1) they are older population devoid of tail-shortening, or 2) they have received introgression from neighboring Mf populations. The populations of M. f. fascicularis, which are distributed to the north of the Isthmus of Kra (ca. 10°N) are also supposed to have … More received introgression from Mm. To test the two hypotheses and to elucidate the geographical pattern of introgression are the purpose of the present study, and we found 1) that the Mm and Mf which are suspected to be hybrids are distributed to the boundary zone in Vietnam, Laos, and northeast Thailand, and Indochina Peninsula north to the Isthmus of Kra, respectively; and the M. f. aurea subspecies and parapatrically distributed Mm in Myanmar and its vicinity, do not show any sign of hybridization: and 2) that the introgression patterns differ between Vietnam and Northeast Thailand (and Laos). From these facts it is suggested that the introgression have occurred in refugia in the Pleistocene glacial period (s) to which both of Mm and Mf were distributed, and that the differences in the topography of refugia and the degree of isolation between refugia would have produced the different introgression patterns between the two areas. In the western Thailand and Myanmar, it is considered that the two species would not shared refugia nor that the gene-flow (hybridization) would not have occurred between refugia. Less