Evolution of Macaques(genus Macaca)in Indochina Peninsula : mainly the rhesus(Macaca mulatto)and long-tailed macaques(M. fascicularis)

恒河猴（Macaca mulatta，以下简称Mm）和长尾猕猴（M. fascicularis，Mf）是亚洲分布广泛的成功种。这两个种在地理上相近，分布区的分界线在北纬15-20°的东南亚。Mm的地理变异体不被视为亚种，而是群（Fooden，2000），东部和西部群分别分布在中国及其邻近地区和印度及其邻近地区，它们的尾长在形态上不同。分布在东部和北部群体中间区域的群体，即印度支那群体，已经被认为不同于这两个群体，并且他们的起源被假设为1）他们是没有尾部缩短的老年群体，或者2）他们已经接受了来自邻近Mf群体的渐渗。M. F. fascicularis，分布于克拉地峡以北（约1000米）。10°N）也应该有 ...更多信息 结果表明：1）Mm和Mf可能是杂种，它们分别分布在越南、老挝、泰国东北部和克拉地峡以北的中南半岛半岛的边界地带; F. Aurea亚种和近热带分布的Mm在缅甸及其邻近地区，没有显示任何杂交的迹象：2）渗入模式在越南和泰国东北部（和老挝）之间不同。这些事实表明，Mm和Mf都分布于更新世冰期的避难所中，而且避难所地形和避难所之间的隔离程度的差异可能产生两个地区之间不同的渐渗模式。在泰国西部和缅甸，人们认为这两个物种不会共享避难所，也不会在避难所之间发生基因流（杂交）。少

Rhesus (Macaca mulatta, Mm hereafter) and long-tailed macaques(M. fascicularis, Mf)are successful species as exhibited by their extensive distribution in Asia. The two species are phylogentically close with each other, and have the boundary zone of distribution in SE Asia around 15-20° North. The geographical variants of Mm are not regarded as subspecies but groups (Fooden, 2000), and eastern and western groups are distributed in China and its vicinity and India and its vicinity, respectively, which morphologically differ in tail length. Populations distributed to the intermediate area of east and north groups, that is, Indochina populations have been known to differ from the two groups, and their origin is hypothesized as either 1) they are older population devoid of tail-shortening, or 2) they have received introgression from neighboring Mf populations. The populations of M. f. fascicularis, which are distributed to the north of the Isthmus of Kra (ca. 10°N) are also supposed to have … More received introgression from Mm. To test the two hypotheses and to elucidate the geographical pattern of introgression are the purpose of the present study, and we found 1) that the Mm and Mf which are suspected to be hybrids are distributed to the boundary zone in Vietnam, Laos, and northeast Thailand, and Indochina Peninsula north to the Isthmus of Kra, respectively; and the M. f. aurea subspecies and parapatrically distributed Mm in Myanmar and its vicinity, do not show any sign of hybridization: and 2) that the introgression patterns differ between Vietnam and Northeast Thailand (and Laos). From these facts it is suggested that the introgression have occurred in refugia in the Pleistocene glacial period (s) to which both of Mm and Mf were distributed, and that the differences in the topography of refugia and the degree of isolation between refugia would have produced the different introgression patterns between the two areas. In the western Thailand and Myanmar, it is considered that the two species would not shared refugia nor that the gene-flow (hybridization) would not have occurred between refugia. Less