Evolution of Macaques(genus Macaca)in Indochina Peninsula : mainly the rhesus(Macaca mulatto)and long-tailed macaques(M. fascicularis)

恒河猴(Macaca Mulatta，以下简称Mm)和长尾猕猴(M.Fascularis，MF)是成功的物种，它们在亚洲的广泛分布证明了这一点。这两个种在系统发育上很接近，并在北纬15-20°左右的东南亚有分布的分界线。Mm的地理变异被认为不是亚种而是群(Fooden，2000)，东部群和西部群分别分布在中国及其邻近地区和印度及其邻近地区，它们的尾长在形态上存在差异。分布在东群和北群中间的种群，即印度支那种群与这两个种群不同，它们的起源被假设为1)它们是没有尾巴缩短的老年种群，2)它们是从邻近的MF种群中渗入的。分布于克拉峡谷以北(约10°N)的束丛支原体种群也被认为具有…更多的人接受了mm的介绍。本研究的目的是验证这两个假说并阐明入侵的地理模式，我们发现：1)被怀疑是杂交种的Mm和Mf分别分布在越南、老挝和泰国东北部的边界地带，以及克拉地峡以北的中南半岛；而缅甸及其邻近地区的M.F.aurea亚种和近热带分布的Mm没有表现出任何杂交的迹象：2)越南和泰国东北部(和老挝)的入侵模式不同。这些事实表明，海侵发生在更新世冰期(S)，Mm和Mf都分布在避难所，避难所地形和隔离程度的差异可能导致了两个地区不同的海侵模式。在泰国西部和缅甸，人们认为这两个物种不会共享避难所，也不会在两个避难所之间发生基因流动(杂交)。较少

Rhesus (Macaca mulatta, Mm hereafter) and long-tailed macaques(M. fascicularis, Mf)are successful species as exhibited by their extensive distribution in Asia. The two species are phylogentically close with each other, and have the boundary zone of distribution in SE Asia around 15-20° North. The geographical variants of Mm are not regarded as subspecies but groups (Fooden, 2000), and eastern and western groups are distributed in China and its vicinity and India and its vicinity, respectively, which morphologically differ in tail length. Populations distributed to the intermediate area of east and north groups, that is, Indochina populations have been known to differ from the two groups, and their origin is hypothesized as either 1) they are older population devoid of tail-shortening, or 2) they have received introgression from neighboring Mf populations. The populations of M. f. fascicularis, which are distributed to the north of the Isthmus of Kra (ca. 10°N) are also supposed to have … More received introgression from Mm. To test the two hypotheses and to elucidate the geographical pattern of introgression are the purpose of the present study, and we found 1) that the Mm and Mf which are suspected to be hybrids are distributed to the boundary zone in Vietnam, Laos, and northeast Thailand, and Indochina Peninsula north to the Isthmus of Kra, respectively; and the M. f. aurea subspecies and parapatrically distributed Mm in Myanmar and its vicinity, do not show any sign of hybridization: and 2) that the introgression patterns differ between Vietnam and Northeast Thailand (and Laos). From these facts it is suggested that the introgression have occurred in refugia in the Pleistocene glacial period (s) to which both of Mm and Mf were distributed, and that the differences in the topography of refugia and the degree of isolation between refugia would have produced the different introgression patterns between the two areas. In the western Thailand and Myanmar, it is considered that the two species would not shared refugia nor that the gene-flow (hybridization) would not have occurred between refugia. Less