Development and Aging of Locomotion in Primates including Humans.

作为该项目的最后一年，成员们收集了最终数据并对其进行了分析，以评估人类和非人类灵长类动物运动表现的发展和衰老。2005年11月，我们举办了题为“发育、衰老和运动表现”的国际研讨会，邀请了三位外国研究人员，我们根据他们的论文进行了讨论和交流，每位成员也介绍了他通过这个四年项目获得的成果。特邀报告人发表的论文有：运动和营养对非人类卡塔宁动物生理衰老的影响（newwell - morris， U.Washington），两足类人猿的运动学和功能形态学（D'Aout, u.h antwerp），以及热量限制对老年猕猴识别和运动表现影响的长期研究（Ingram, NIA of NIH）。从我们的研究中，我们可以描绘出发育和衰老的各个方面。首先是运动能力的发展，进一步研究了黑猩猩的发展：随着生长，下肢对身体的推动成为垂直攀登的主要动力（Nakano）；股骨的横截面应力特性随着身体和性能的发展而适应性地发展，例如，股骨通过内收肌的相对发展而前后增强（Matsumura）；股骨的骨干和关节部位在生长过程中没有明显的成比例的形态变化，但负责肌肉或体重应激的部位，如大转子和内侧髁，相对于其他部位发育较强（Ishida）。其次，关于日本猕猴脊柱的发育和衰老，我们发现日本猕猴脊柱的发育时间相对较晚，开始衰老的时间相对较早（Hamada）。第三，计算机模拟的有用性在分析人类两足行走的衰老或紊乱以及姿势维持的各个方面得到了证明（Hase）。第四，对老年人的步行进行了一些研究。采用多重肌电电极法，老年人特有的行走是由主要肌肉快肌纤维退行性变等组织学变化引起的（Okada）。长期的纵向研究表明，步行参数，如步距或步行速度，随着年龄的增长而发生显著变化，这可能是由于肌肉力量和日常体力活动的减少造成的（Kimura）。在下降台阶中发现的不受控制的运动部分是由于像股四头肌这样的主要肌肉的神经控制恶化引起的，这些肌肉通过向外收缩来施加力量（Adachi）。最后，通过将运动与基于互联网的数据收集和评估系统相结合，在提高或维持老年人的运动表现方面取得了相当好的效果（Nishizawa）。综上所述，本项目的目的是在项目开始时提出的，即首先寻找影响运动器官和性能的发展和衰老的因素，特别是与两足动物有关的因素；其次，开发分析和训练系统，以提高或保持老年人的运动性能；被认为是成功获得的。少

As the final year of this project, members have collected final data and analyzed them to evaluate the development and aging of Motor performance in humans and in non-human primates. We held the international symposium, entitled as "Development, Aging, and Motor Performance" in November, 2005, with the three foreign researchers invited, where we discussed and exchanged ideas based on their papers, and also each of the mwmbers presented his results, obtained through this four year project. The papers presented by the invited speakers are as follows : Exercise and nutritional influences on the physical aging in non-human catarrhines (Newell-Morris, U.Washington), Kinematics and functional morphology in the bipedal great apes (D'Aout, U.Antwerp), and long-term study on the influence of caloric-restriction to the recognition and motor performances in aged macaques (Ingram, NIA of NIH). From our researches, we could delineate various aspects of development and aging. Firstly the locomotor d … More evelopments in chimpanzees were studied as follows : The pushing-up of body by the lower-limb becomes major propulsive power in vertical climbing with growth (Nakano) ; Cross-sectional stress-properties of the femur develop adaptively with the physical and performance development e.g., the femur is strengthened antero-posteriorly by the relative development of adductor muscles (Matsumura) ; The femur do not show significant proportional morphological change in diaphyseal and joint parts with growth, but the parts which are responsible for muscular or body weight stress, such as the greater trochanter and medial condyle, show strong development relative to other parts, (Ishida). Secondly on the vertebral column development and aging in Japanese macaques, it was found that the column keeps developing until relatively later and starts aging processes relatively earlier than that in humans (Hamada). Thirdly, the usefulness of computer simulation was shown in the analyses of various aspects of aging or disorder in bipedalism and maintenance of posture in humans (Hase). Fourthly, several studies were made on the walking in aged humans. Using multiple electromyography electrode method, the characteristic walking in aged humans were caused by such histological change as the degeneration of fast-twitch muscle fibres in major muscles (Okada). The long-term longitudinal study revealed that the walking parameters, such as step distance or walking velocity, significantly change with age, which may be caused by the decrease both in muscular force and the amount, of daily physical activities (Kimura). The un-controlled movement found in descending steps is found to be partially caused by the deterioration in nervous control on such major muscles as the quadriceps femoris that exert power by excentric constriction (Adachi). Finally fairly good results have been obtained to increase or maintain motor performance in aged humans by the combination of exercise and internet-based data collection and evaluating system (Nishizawa). By these contributions, inconclusion, the purposes of this project raised at the beginning of this project, that is firstly the search for the factors influencing the development and aging in motor apparatus and performance, especially those pertaining to bipedalism ; and secondly the development of analyzing and training system to increase or maintain motor performance in aged humans ; were considered to be successfully obtained. Less