Development and Aging of Locomotion in Primates including Humans.

作为该项目的最后一年，成员们收集并分析了最终数据，以评估人类和非人类灵长类动物运动能力的发展和老化。2005年11月，我们邀请了三位外国研究人员，举办了题为“发展、老龄化与汽车性能”的国际研讨会，根据他们的论文进行了讨论和交流，并介绍了他们通过这个四年项目取得的成果。被邀请的演讲者提交的论文如下：运动和营养对非人类卡特拉斯动物身体衰老的影响(Newell-Morris，U.Washington)，两足类人猿的运动学和功能形态(D‘Aout，U.Antwerp)，以及关于限制卡路里对老年猕猴识别和运动表现影响的长期研究(Ingram，NIA of NIH)。从我们的研究中，我们可以描绘出发育和衰老的各个方面。首先是运动者d…对黑猩猩的更多发育研究如下：随着生长，下肢对身体的推升成为垂直攀登的主要推动力(Nakano)；股骨的横截面应力特性随着身体和运动的发展而自适应地发展，例如，股骨的前后向通过内收肌的相对发育而得到加强(松村)；股骨在骨干和关节部分中没有表现出明显的比例形态变化，但与其他部分相比，负责肌肉或体重压力的部分，如大转子和内髁，显示出较强的发展(Ishida)。其次，对日本猕猴脊柱的发育和老化进行了研究，发现猕猴脊柱的发育相对较晚，开始衰老的时间相对早于人类(滨田猕猴)。第三，计算机模拟在人类两足行走和姿势维持中衰老或紊乱的各个方面的分析中显示了其实用性。第四，对老年人的行走进行了几项研究。采用多重肌电极法，发现老年人行走特点是由于大肌快抽动肌纤维变性(Okada)等组织学改变所致。长期纵向研究表明，步距或步行速度等步行参数随着年龄的增长而发生显著变化，这可能是由于肌肉力量和日常体力活动(木村)的减少所致。在下降台阶中发现的不受控制的运动被发现部分是由于对主要肌肉的神经控制的恶化，例如通过偏心收缩来施加力量的股四头肌(Adachi)。最后，通过运动与基于互联网的数据收集和评估系统(Nishizawa)的结合，在提高或维持老年人的运动能力方面取得了较好的结果。通过这些贡献，总而言之，本项目在本项目开始时提出的目的是：第一，寻找影响运动器官和运动能力发育和老化的因素，特别是与两足行走有关的因素；第二，开发分析和训练系统，以提高或维持老年人的运动能力；被认为是成功实现的。较少

As the final year of this project, members have collected final data and analyzed them to evaluate the development and aging of Motor performance in humans and in non-human primates. We held the international symposium, entitled as "Development, Aging, and Motor Performance" in November, 2005, with the three foreign researchers invited, where we discussed and exchanged ideas based on their papers, and also each of the mwmbers presented his results, obtained through this four year project. The papers presented by the invited speakers are as follows : Exercise and nutritional influences on the physical aging in non-human catarrhines (Newell-Morris, U.Washington), Kinematics and functional morphology in the bipedal great apes (D'Aout, U.Antwerp), and long-term study on the influence of caloric-restriction to the recognition and motor performances in aged macaques (Ingram, NIA of NIH). From our researches, we could delineate various aspects of development and aging. Firstly the locomotor d … More evelopments in chimpanzees were studied as follows : The pushing-up of body by the lower-limb becomes major propulsive power in vertical climbing with growth (Nakano) ; Cross-sectional stress-properties of the femur develop adaptively with the physical and performance development e.g., the femur is strengthened antero-posteriorly by the relative development of adductor muscles (Matsumura) ; The femur do not show significant proportional morphological change in diaphyseal and joint parts with growth, but the parts which are responsible for muscular or body weight stress, such as the greater trochanter and medial condyle, show strong development relative to other parts, (Ishida). Secondly on the vertebral column development and aging in Japanese macaques, it was found that the column keeps developing until relatively later and starts aging processes relatively earlier than that in humans (Hamada). Thirdly, the usefulness of computer simulation was shown in the analyses of various aspects of aging or disorder in bipedalism and maintenance of posture in humans (Hase). Fourthly, several studies were made on the walking in aged humans. Using multiple electromyography electrode method, the characteristic walking in aged humans were caused by such histological change as the degeneration of fast-twitch muscle fibres in major muscles (Okada). The long-term longitudinal study revealed that the walking parameters, such as step distance or walking velocity, significantly change with age, which may be caused by the decrease both in muscular force and the amount, of daily physical activities (Kimura). The un-controlled movement found in descending steps is found to be partially caused by the deterioration in nervous control on such major muscles as the quadriceps femoris that exert power by excentric constriction (Adachi). Finally fairly good results have been obtained to increase or maintain motor performance in aged humans by the combination of exercise and internet-based data collection and evaluating system (Nishizawa). By these contributions, inconclusion, the purposes of this project raised at the beginning of this project, that is firstly the search for the factors influencing the development and aging in motor apparatus and performance, especially those pertaining to bipedalism ; and secondly the development of analyzing and training system to increase or maintain motor performance in aged humans ; were considered to be successfully obtained. Less