Occurrence of toxic microalgae and toxin contamination mechanisms in marine organisms in Southeast Asia

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Accumulation of toxins responsible for amnesic shellfish poisonings in filter feeding bivalves was widely observed in Southeast Asia countries. Some diatoms were strongly suspected as causative agents, especially those belonging to the genus Pseudo-nitzschia, but recurrence of the toxins in shellfish could not be detected and then confirmation of the causative species was not finalized. Pyrodinium bahamense bloomed in wide areas intermittently, causing poisoning cases in several countries. In addition Alexandrium spp. were also detected as the causative organisms of paralytic shellfish poisoning. Benthic dinoflagellates causing ciguatera fish poisoning were found in wide areas and study on their distribution expansion mechanisms is considered as urgently necessary.