Structural Policy in the Social Market Economy of Western Germany

西德的经济体制，即所谓的社会市场经济，自第二次世界大战以来发展成为一个社会责任的市场经济，并辅之以宏观经济管理。这种混合经济同样排斥旧式的自由放任和集体计划经济。我将个人的自由主动性与社会进步的原则结合在一起。(奥多学派的思想：W.Eucken，L.Erhard，A.Mueller-Armack)政府只应设定市场过程发生的条件的一般框架。在70年代，世界货币体系的崩溃，石油和其他原材料价格的爆炸性上涨，以及异常高的利率导致了全球经济衰退，这并没有使西德受到影响。70年代的社会民主党政府试图加强政府对市场经济的干预，以控制宏观经济过程。它失败了。德国经济的结构性疲软与…在80年代初的这种形势下，基督教民主党新政府以“更新社会主义市场经济”为座右铭，把主要精力放在振兴市场力量和刺激私营企业投资上。这一新政策在80年代中期取得了成功，经济形势得到了改善。自政策转向以来，德国经济学家在经济政策中讨论的重点一直是政府的举措和干预在多大程度上促进了经济增长和经济结构的变化。对日本来说，这样的理论讨论似乎很奇怪，因为日本政府总是感觉对经济增长和经济结构变化负有责任。因此，我们的研究对象是为了综述德国经济学家的理论讨论，并分析80年代德国经济的结构变化。我们的研究结果是：1.德国经济在基督教民主联盟中央政府的宏观经济管理下成功复苏。在西德联邦制国家体系中，结构性变化主要归因于地方政府以地区援助和补贴的形式实施经济政策的微观行为。宏观经济政策与微观经济政策在理论上的不一致仍然没有得到解决，因为最初的“社会主义市场经济”思想主要涉及市场经济体制的宏观经济框架。较少

The economic System of Western Germany, known as Social Market Economy, has developed since the II. World War into a social responsible market economy coupled with macroeconomic management. This type of a mixed economy rejects equally the old-style laissez-faire and the collective planned economy. I combines the free initiative of the individual with the principles of social progress. (Idea of Ordo-School : W. Eucken, L. Erhard, A. Mueller-Armack) The government only should set the general framework of conditions within which market processes take place.In the 70s, the collapse of the world monetary system, the explosion of petroleum and other raw material prices and unusually high interest rates results in a worldwide recession which has not left western germany unaffected. The social democratic government of the 70s tried to strengthen the government intervention into market economy to get macroeconomic processes under control. It failed. The structural weakness of German economy whi … More ch affected the stagnation of the economic growth and trade balance was getting obvious.In this situation of the early 80s, the new Christian Democratic Government put its main efforts into reinvigorating market forces and stimulating investments of private enterprises, under the motto "Renewal of Social Market Economy. This new policy was successful and the econonomic situation was improved in the mid of the 80s.Since the turn of the policy the main point of the discussion in the economic policy under German econonomists has been how far the government initiatives and interventions are allowed to enforce the econonomic growth and the structural changes of economy. For Japan such a theoretical discussion seems very strange because the Japanese government always is feeling responsible for the economic growth and structural changes of economy. The Objects of our research are therefor to overview the theoretical discussion under the German economists and to analyze the structural changes of German economy in the 80s.The results of our research are :1. German economy has successfully recovered under the macroeconomic management of the Christian-Democratic central government (Bundesregierung).2. In the federalistic state system of Western Germany the structural changes owe mainly to the microeconomic acts of economic policy of local governments (Landesregierungen) in form of regional aids and subsidies.3. The theoretical inconsistency of macro- and microeconomic policy is still unsolved, because the original idea of "social market economy" relates mainly to the macroeconomic framework of market economy system. Less