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The Study of Survival Strategy of Hunter-Herders in Siberia

西伯利亚猎牧民生存策略研究

基本信息

批准号：
09041028
负责人：
SAITO Shinji
金额：
$ 9.66万
依托单位：
Nagoya City University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A).
财政年份：
1997
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
1997 至 1999
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-09041028/
关键词：
adaptation to severe climate traditional culture the Sakha (the Yakuts)the Nenets horse herding culture reindeer herding, hunting, fishing environmental destruction marketing principle 西シベリアネネツ人民族研究東シベリアサハ(ヤクート)人馬乳酒狩猟・氷下

项目摘要

The Sakha in the Yakuts region not only present us a living example of the survival of horse herding peoples in the modern world, but they exemplify a historical account of the adaptation of man toward severe climates. This field survey studied the Sakha during summer soltice festivities, taking in video recordings of their lives, and audio recordings of legends and folk songs. The survey indicated evidence that the younger generation was apt toward maintaining the traditional culture, along with their older generation. Horse herding is conducted on relatively small scale grasslands in Alass, formed by thawing of permafrost ground. Horse grazing is done in small area segments of one male unit, and from this practice, it is apparent that the original Mongol grassland herding developed into herding with the two distinct purposes : one, for raising working animals, i.e. horses trained for riding and working ; the other, for raising livestock for meat and leather products. The Sakha consid … More er both purposes as equally important.Reindeer herding is facing extinction, and this has been accelerated by factors such as the former Soviet policy toward ethnic cultures, environmental destruction, and recent Russian economic crisis. Such factors have presented an extreme challenge toward the survival and maintenance of traditional cultures. However, it should be noted that the Nenets of Gydan Peninsular have been able to maintain their traditional lifestyle, consisting of reindeer herding, fishing, and hunting.With the disappearance of traditional life sustenance activities, such as reindeer herding, hunting, and fishing, hunting for wild animals for the purpose of marketing meat has become increasingly important. Furthermore, the recent onset of Western marketing principles have had a severe impact on the traditional markets for wild meat and fur, established during the Soviet era. Recent environmental protection measures have posed strict limits on hunting and fishing activities, further jeopardizing the continuation of traditional cultures and lifestyles. Less

雅库特地区的萨哈人不仅为我们提供了一个现代世界中牧马民族生存的活生生的例子，而且他们还记录了人类适应恶劣气候的历史。这项实地调查研究了萨哈人在夏至庆祝活动期间的情况，记录了他们的生活录像，以及传说和民歌的录音。调查显示，年轻一代和他们的老一代一样倾向于维护传统文化。牧马是在阿拉斯相对较小规模的草原上进行的，这些草原是由永久冻土融化形成的。马的放牧是在一个雄性单位的小区域内进行的，从这种实践中可以看出，最初的蒙古草原放牧发展成为具有两个不同目的的放牧：一是饲养工作动物，即经过训练的马用于骑马和工作;另一个，饲养牲畜以生产肉类和皮革产品。萨哈人认为 ...更多信息呃这两个目的同等重要，驯鹿放牧面临灭绝，而这一趋势由于前苏联的民族文化政策，环境破坏，以及最近俄罗斯的经济危机等因素而加速。这些因素对传统文化的生存和维护提出了极大的挑战。然而，应当指出，吉丹半岛的涅涅茨人一直能够保持其传统的驯鹿放牧、捕鱼和狩猎生活方式，随着驯鹿放牧、狩猎和捕鱼等传统生计活动的消失，为销售肉类而狩猎野生动物变得越来越重要。此外，最近开始实行的西方营销原则对苏联时期建立的野生肉类和毛皮传统市场产生了严重影响。最近的环境保护措施对狩猎和捕鱼活动提出了严格的限制，进一步危及传统文化和生活方式的延续。少