Monitoring variability of marine environment by using top predators as observational platforms.

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Marine top predators will be efficient tools to monitor variability of marine environment at fine scale. To make them observational platforms and evaluate its feasibility, we measured ambient temperature, diving behavior and foraging location of auks and cormorants by biotelemetry techniques. A review study of dive duration in auks and penguins, researches on at sea foraging behavior of Japanese cormorants and Brunnich's Guillemots, and a 5 year work on diet and breeding success of Rhinoceros Aukiets suggest that ; 1) physiological constraints should be considered, 2) measurement of individual variation in foraging behavior is recommended, 3) conventional long term works on breeding biology are sometimes very useful, 4) simultaneous measurements of foraging behavior and physical environments could tell us fine scale response of predator.