Human response to the drastic environmental changes in Africa

非洲干燥的热带稀树草原经历了气候异常，在过去的几十年里，降水的变异性特别高。干旱和洪水等气候事件也频繁发生。因此，生活在这些地区的人们必须具有当地的特点或土著知识，以便应对气候事件引起的环境变化。风险规避或风险最小化策略可以在土地利用系统和生活空间结构中找到。该项目旨在通过实地观察和测量建立地方地理地图和地方土地使用地图，并提出数据分析。这项研究还包括讨论当地关于土地资源管理和生存系统的知识。Shinoda自1995年以来连续5年多在尼日尔3个地点测量了包括珍珠谷地在内的植被土壤水分和叶面积指数（LAI），以阐明萨赫勒地区的气候变化。谷子最大叶面积指数与年降水量的相关性不强。LAI的季节增长趋势受土壤湿度的影响较大，特别是在珍珠谷子的膨大期。目前的研究表明，发芽期土壤湿度对LAI似乎没有决定性影响。中国研究了尼日尔河支流流域的沟壑造成的土地退化。通过对航拍照片的解释，描述了沟渠的发展和土地的长期利用。冰川下坡和盆地下部的沟壑侵蚀加速，导致大量沉积物排入尼日尔河。高冈调查了肯雅山北部梅鲁中部地区的有用树木。利用的本地树木的多样性不会随着湿度的增加而增加。在干燥的、较低的斜坡上使用的本地树木比在潮湿的、较高的斜坡上使用的树木种类更多。Hori在喀麦隆北部Kapushiki山地区进行了研究，描述了人口增长和土地利用，特别是耕地的情况。该地区的人们认识到土地的再生与人的出生和死亡，并避免过度利用土地。少

The dry savanna in Africa have experienced climatic anomalies, with especially high variability of precipitation in the last several decades. Climatic events, such as drought and floods, also have occurred with high frequency. Thus, people living in such regions must have characteristics or indigenous knowledge of the locale in order to cope with environmental changes caused by climatic events. Risk-avoiding or risk-minimizing strategies can be found in land-use systems and structure of living space. This project aimed to establish local geographical maps and local land use maps through field observations and measurements, and to present an analysis of data. The study also includes a discussion of local knowledge on land resource management and subsistence systems. Shinoda continue to measure soil moisture and LAI (Leaf Area Index) of vegetation including pearl millet field, since 1995 for more than 5 years in 3 sites of Niger in order to clarify the climatic change in Sahel. The yearl … More y maximum LAI of millet is no strongly correlated with the amount of annual precipitation. Seasonal increasing trends of LAI were substantially affected by those of soil moisture, especially in the leaf-expanding stage of pearl millet. The present study suggests that the soil moisture during the germination phase does not appear to have a crucial effect on the LAI. Chinen examine the land degradation induced by gullying in tributary drainage basins of the Niger River. By interpreting aerial photographs, development of gullies and land use on a long term were described. Accelerated gully erosion has occurred rapidly on downslopes of glacis and in lower parts of basins, leading to a discharge of an enormous amount of sediments into the Niger River. Takaoka investigated the useful trees in Central Meru District in northern Mt. Kenya. The diversity of utilized indigenous trees does not become higher as humidity increases. A wider variety of indigenous trees are used on the dry, lower slopes than is used on the humid, upper slopes. Hori studies in Mt. Kapushiki area, northern Cameroon and described the situation of population increase and land use, especially farming land. People in the area recognize the land regeneration with people's birth and death, and avoid over-utilizing the land. Less