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Human Response to Climatic Events in the Dry Savanna, Africa

人类对非洲干旱稀树草原气候事件的反应

基本信息

批准号：
07041019
负责人：
HORI Nobuyuki
金额：
$ 14.59万
依托单位：
Tokyo Metropolitan University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for international Scientific Research
财政年份：
1995
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
1995 至 1997
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

Field researches were conducted in Kenya, Niger and Benin to document the characteristics of human response to climatic change in dry savanna areas, Africa.Geography and history of tree utilization were investigated in Meru District extending on a northeastern foot slope of Mt.Kenya. In southern humid areas, Meru people used a number of tree species and they had more knowledge on traditional uses of trees. People newly settled in northern dry areas used less species and had slightly poor knowledge. Strategies for droughts, however, were included in the ways in which they use trees and shrubs in their shambas in dry areas.An ecological linkage between environmental changes and socio-cultural profile of cattle keepers were studied in Marsabit Distrct, northern Kenya. Samburu people had their own risk-avoiding systems, and survived the past severe droughts.Development of eroded landscapes during the last 40 years was reconstructed in tributary drainage basins of the Niger, southwestern Niger. Soil erosion had been accelerated for the past 20 yesrs owing to deforestation in the surrouding area. The land degradation caused lack of crop fields and damaged fishery alog the Niger River. They were bewildered by the emerged environmental problems and started talking measures to cope with the situation.To clarify the recent trend in climatic change and the interaction between atmosphere and land surface, collected meteorological data were analyzed and soil moisture were observed in Niger and Benin along a cross section from arid region (Sahel) to humid region (Guinean coast). Soil moisture incresed continuously during rainy seasons owing to reduced rainfall intervals. No significant difference in soil moisture was detected in dry seasons among three observation sites with different annual precipitation. The observed moisture ranged from 1 to 5 percent in the seasons.

在肯尼亚、尼日尔和贝宁进行了实地研究，以记录非洲干旱稀树草原地区人类对气候变化的反应特征。研究了肯尼亚山东北坡梅鲁地区树木利用的地理和历史。在南方潮湿地区，梅鲁人使用许多树种，他们对树木的传统用途有更多的了解。新定居在北方干旱地区的人们使用的物种较少，知识略显贫乏。然而，他们在干燥地区的香炉中使用树木和灌木的方式也包括了应对干旱的策略。在肯尼亚北部马萨比特地区，研究了环境变化与养牛人社会文化状况之间的生态联系。桑布鲁人有自己的风险规避系统，并在过去的严重干旱中幸存下来。重建了尼日尔西南部尼日尔支流流域近40年来侵蚀景观的发展。过去20年来，由于周围地区的森林砍伐，土壤侵蚀加速了。土地退化导致尼日尔河沿岸农田减少，渔业受损。他们对出现的环境问题感到困惑，并开始讨论应对这种情况的措施。为了阐明气候变化的近期趋势以及大气与地表之间的相互作用，对收集到的气象资料进行了分析，并对尼日尔和贝宁沿干旱地区（萨赫勒）到湿润地区（几内亚海岸）的横截面进行了土壤湿度观测。由于降雨间隔缩短，雨季土壤水分持续增加。不同年降水量的3个观测点在旱季土壤湿度无显著差异。四季观测到的湿度在1%到5%之间。