Studies on Function and its Disorder of the Frontal Association Cortex

我们研究了额叶联合皮层的功能和它的障碍在猴子，然后在人类的基础上获得的数据，猴子的实验。研究结果将归纳为以下两个主题.决定（判断）和抑制作用的额叶联合皮层一只猴子被要求进行go/no-go反应时间的手部运动，并区分两种不同颜色的光刺激。当猴子在500 ms的刺激持续时间内用手举起杠杆时，一种颜色的视觉刺激伴随着奖励，而另一种颜色的视觉刺激则没有。当猴子逐渐停止对后一种（禁止）刺激的反应时，在两个半球的前额叶皮层中出现并发展出一种电位，特别是对禁止刺激的电位，称为“禁止电位”。该电位由表面负电位、深度正电位（s-N、d-P）组成，潜伏期85-150 ms，位于主沟背侧和延髓背侧。 关于我们 前额叶皮层的腹侧角电位的出现和发展模式表明，皮层位点的活动与不移动的决定或判断以及随后对go反应的抑制有关。皮层刺激实验证实了这种抑制作用.额叶联合皮层对未来刺激的预期和注意力的集中。G.这样它就可以在命令性刺激开始后立即举起杠杆。事实上，经过足够的训练，猴子在很短的时间内移动。在警告刺激的初始视觉诱发电位之后，在两半球的前额叶和前运动皮层的广泛区域记录了朝向命令刺激的s-N，d-P持续慢电位。同侧小脑半球切除对短潜伏期运动几乎没有影响，这与单纯反应时手运动的情况有很大不同。这可能意味着额叶联合皮层对警告命令性刺激的持续活动可以在一定程度上克服小脑的缺陷.在人类受试者中的研究在相同的go/no-go任务中也从人类头皮记录了No-go电位。它广泛分布于头皮的前部，在顶点（Fz）处最大。警告命令性刺激在人头皮上引起伴随性负变（CNV）。额叶联合皮层的持续活动必须与对即将到来的刺激的精神集中有关。少

We investigated function of the frontal association cortex and its disorder in monkeys, and then in humans on the basis of data obtained by monkey experiments. The results will be summarized in two main topics as follows.1. The frontal association cortex for decision (judgment) and suppressor action A monkey was tasked with go/no-go reaction-time hand movement with discrimination between two different color light stimuli. Visual stimulus of a color was accompanied by reward when the monkey lifted a lever by its hand within 500 ms duration of the stimulus, whereas that of another color was not. When the monkey gradually ceased in responding to the latter (no-go) stimulus, a potential appeared and developed in the prefrontal cortex of both hemispheres, specifically to the no-go stimulus, called 'no-go potential'. The potential is composed of surface-negative, depth-positive (s-N, d-P) deflections at a latency of 85-150 ms and localized in the dorsal bank of the principal sulcus and the r … More ostroventral corner of the prefrontal cortex. Modes of appearance and development of the potential suggest that the activity of the cortical loci is related to decision or judgment not to move and to subsequent suppression of the go reaction. The suppressor action was substantiated by stimulation experiment of the cortical loci.2. The frontal association cortex for expectancy of coming stimulus and mental concentration We gave warning-imperative stimuli with a fixed time interval (e. g. ls) to a monkey so that it could lift a lever immediately after the onset of imperative stimulus. In fact, the monkey, after enough trained, moved at very short latencies. Following initial visual evoked potentials on the warning stimulus, s-N, d-P sustained slow potentials toward the imperative stimulus were recorded in wide areas of the prefrontal and premotor cortices in both hemispheres. The short latency movement was scarcely in fluenced by cerebellar hemispherectomy ipsilateral to the moving hand, which was quite different from the case of simple reaction-time hand movement. This may imply that the sustained activity of the frontal association cortex on the warning-imperative stimulus can overcome cerebellar deficiency to some extent.3. Studies in human subjects No-go potential was recorded also from the human scalp on the same go/no-go task. It spreads over the frontal part of scalp widely with the maximum at the vertex (Fz). The warning-imperative stimulus induces contingent negative variation (CNV) on the human scalp. Sustained activities of the frontal association cortex must be related to mental concentration on the coming stimulus. Less