The relevance of dynamic belief updating to emerging psychopathology during adolescence

背景：许多主要的精神障碍开始于青春期。青春期是一个以同伴取向、神经重组和蓝斑神经可塑性增强为特征的过渡时期，蓝斑是觉醒调节、证据积累和动态信念更新（DynBU）的关键结构。伴随的神经认知和环境变化使青少年容易出现心理健康状况。目的和目的：为了增加我们对DynBU在与社会环境相互作用中对青少年精神病理学发展的作用的理解，我们将单独研究DynBU和假设的潜在神经认知机制（惊讶，相位瞳孔相关觉醒，网络重置），并结合环境因素。我们将测试DynBU在青春期出现的核心精神病理维度上的改变的预测价值，包括内化症状（如焦虑、抑郁）、去抑制的外化症状（如注意力缺陷、物质使用）和思维障碍（如精神病症状）。假设：(1)与成人相比，青少年DynBU的神经认知机制将反映出对新遇到的观察结果给予比规范更强的权重，从而导致对环境变化的更强的信念更新，我们期望这种趋势在奖励和社会环境中被放大；(2)青春期DynBU的改变与精神病理相关，可预测精神病理的发生或随时间的增加；(3)青少年对环境变化的高反应性及其在奖励和社会环境中的调节，增加了青少年在有害环境中对精神病理发展的易感性。计划方法：将招募两个样本：青少年（12-17岁，n = 300）和成年人（25-30岁，n = 100）。第一次实验包括对精神病理、觉醒和研究单位使用的标准变化点任务的基线评估。在第二阶段，参与者将完成诊断性评估，并执行带有奖励和社会背景实验变量的任务变体。测量DynBU的计算参数（相对不确定性和意外不确定性）和心理生理参数（通过脑电图和瞳孔反应）。体验抽样将被用来评估一周内课程之间的现实社会和奖励背景。为了检验DynBU神经认知指标对精神病理的预测有效性，将在6个月、12个月和18个月后重新评估精神状态。预期影响：研究结果将为DynBU与青春期新出现的精神病理之间的关系提供重要的见解，并有望为预防性干预提供新的起点。

Background: Many major mental disorders begin during adolescence. Adolescence is a transitional period characterized by orientation towards peers, neural reorganization and increased neural plasticity in the locus coeruleus, a key structure for arousal modulation, evidence accumulation and dynamic belief updating (DynBU). The concomitant neurocognitive and environmental changes render adolescents vulnerable to developing mental health conditions. Aims and objectives: To increase our understanding of the role of DynBU in interaction with social context for the development of psychopathology in adolescence, we will examine DynBU and the hypothesized underlying neurocognitive mechanisms (surprise, phasic pupil-linked arousal, network reset) alone and in combination with contextual factors. We will test for the predictive value of alterations of DynBU on core psychopathological dimensions that emerge during adolescence and include internalizing symptoms (e.g., anxiety, depression), disinhibited externalizing symptomatology (e.g., attention deficit, substance use) and thought disorder (e.g., psychotic symptoms). Hypotheses: (1) Compared to adults, the neurocognitive mechanisms of DynBU in adolescence will reflect giving stronger-than-normative weight to newly encountered observations, resulting in stronger belief updates in response to environmental change, a tendency we expect to be amplified in rewarding and social contexts; (2) Alterations in DynBU during adolescence are associated with psychopathology and predict the onset or increase of psychopathology over time; (3) The expected higher responsiveness to environmental change and its modulation by rewarding and social contexts during adolescence increases vulnerability to the development of psychopathology in detrimental environmental contexts. Planned methods: Two samples will be recruited: adolescents (age 12-17, n = 300) and adults (age 25-30, n = 100). The first laboratory session includes a baseline assessment of psychopathology, arousal, and the standard change-point task used in the Research Unit. In a second session, participants will complete the diagnostic assessment and conduct task variants with experimental variations of reward and social context. Computational parameters of DynBU (relative and unexpected uncertainty) and psychophysiological parameters (via EEG and pupil response) will be measured. Experience sampling will be used to assess real-life social and reward contexts between the sessions over the course of one week. To examine the predictive validity of the neurocognitive indicators of DynBU for psychopathology, the mental status will be re-assessed after 6, 12 and 18 months. Expected impact: The results will provide important insight into the relationship between DynBU and emerging psychopathology during adolescence and promise to offer novel starting points for preventive interventions.