Properties of cloud condensation nuclei, ice nucleating particles, and cloud particle residuals in and around clouds of the Southern Ocean (HALO 2024, HALO-South)

南半球（SH），特别是南大洋（SO）是地球上关于大气和特别是云相关特性研究不足的位置。此外，在SO上，诸如大气环流模式（GCM）等模式不能正确地再现云覆盖、云相和大气气溶胶，尽管这些是评估人为气溶胶影响和云反馈对气候的重要参数。与模型相比，卫星数据显示，在SH，特别是在SO的云中的过冷液态水的比例较高，造成辐射偏差，因此在估计地球-大气系统的辐射收支的模型中的错误。气溶胶粒子，特别是云凝结核（CCN）和冰成核粒子（INP），分别影响云的形成和冰川作用，从而影响云的微物理和辐射特性。关于特性的信息，以及关于一般气溶胶粒子的潜在来源的指示和假设，特别是在南大洋上空的云凝结核和国际核物理现象。然而，无论是数据量和定量过程的理解是不够的驱动，评估，更重要的是改善大气模式在SO区域。因此，在这个建议的框架内，我们建议CCN，INP和云粒子残留特性的联合测量，以及对它们各自的起源和来源的彻底评估。应用的仪器是一个小型化的云凝结核计数器（mCCNc），高容量流量气溶胶粒子过滤器采样器（HERA）和逆流虚拟撞击器（HALO-CVI）。

The Southern Hemisphere (SH) and particularly the Southern Ocean (SO) are locations on Earth which are understudied concerning atmospheric and specifically cloud related properties. Furthermore, over the SO, models such as general circulation models (GCMs) cannot correctly reproduce cloud coverage, cloud phase and atmospheric aerosols, although these are important parameters for the assessment of anthropogenic aerosol impacts and cloud feedbacks on climate. Compared to models, satellite data show higher fractions of supercooled liquid water in clouds in the SH, particularly over the SO, causing a radiation bias and hence errors in models estimating the radiation budget of the earth-atmosphere system. Aerosol particles in general, and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and ice nucleating particles (INP) in particular, influence cloud formation and glaciation, respectively, thereby affecting cloud microphysical and radiative properties. Information concerning the properties, as well as indications and hypotheses with respect to potential sources of aerosol particles in general, and CCN and INP, in particular, over the Southern Ocean do exits. However, both amount of data and quantitative process understanding are not sufficient for driving, evaluating, and even more important improving atmospheric models over the SO region. Therefore, in the framework of this proposal, we suggest the combined measurement of CCN, INP, and cloud particle residual properties, together with a thorough evaluation of their respective origins and sources. Applied instruments are a miniaturized Cloud Condensation Nucleus Counter (mCCNc), the high-volume flow aerosol particle filter sampler (HERA) and a Counterflow Virtual Impactor (HALO-CVI).