Variation of Antarctic Cloud Condensation (CCN) and ice nucleating particle (INP) concentrations and properties at NEumayer Station compared to their values in the Arctic at Villum Research Station (VACCINE+)

目前地球气候变化的速度比大多数科学预测所预测的要快，极地地区是地球上变暖最快的地区。极地地区还对全球气候条件产生强烈影响，因此影响到世界各地的生活和生计。尽管极地气候研究取得了进展，但人们对这一过程仍然知之甚少；其中之一是气溶胶-云-气候的相互作用；因此不能令人满意地建模。云和与气候系统的相互作用是最难模拟的组成部分之一，特别是在极地地区，因为很难获得高质量的测量结果。因此，高质量测量的可用性对于理解潜在的过程并能够将它们吸收到模型中至关重要。在本项目的第一部分，我们（即TROPOS）建议通过原位云凝结核（CCN）和冰成核粒子（INP）测量将诺伊迈尔III站现有的气溶胶测量扩展近两年。收集到的数据，如浓度、吸湿性、INP冻结谱等，将与气象资料（例如反轨迹）和主要气溶胶颗粒的化学成分资料联系起来，以确定整个年周期内INP和CCN的来源。在可选的第三年，我们计划将南半球的发现与TROPOS长期CCN和高北极INP测量结果进行比较（可在dfg资助的TR 172， AC3，项目B04中提出的项目中获得）。该项目的结果将是更深入地了解哪些过程主导了高纬度地区的CCN和INP种群。在本建议的框架内编制的关于高纬度CCN和INP的数量资料将公开提供，以评价和限制全球模式和卫星检索方法。

The Earth’s current climate is changing more rapidly than has been predicted in most scientific forecasts, with the Polar Regions being the fastest warming areas on Earth. Polar Regions have also a strong global impact on climate conditions and therefore affect lives and livelihoods across the world. Despite the progress polar climate research made - poorly understood processes remain; one of those being the aerosol – cloud – climate interaction; which therefore cannot be modelled satisfactory. Clouds and the interactions with the climate system are one of the most difficult components to model, especially in the Polar Regions, due to difficulties in obtaining high-quality measurements. The availability of high-quality measurements is therefore of crucial importance to understand underlying processes and to be able to assimilate them into models. In the first part of the here proposed project we, i.e., TROPOS suggests to extend the existing aerosol measurements at Neumayer III station by in-situ Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) and Ice Nucleating Particles (INP) measurements for almost two years. The captured data such as number concentrations, hygroscopicity, INP freezing spectra etc. will be linked with meteorological information (e.g. back trajectories) and information on the chemical composition of the prevailing aerosol particles for identifying sources of INP and CCN over the full annual cycle. In an optional third year we plan to compare the findings from the Southern Hemisphere to the TROPOS long-term CCN and INP measurements from the High Arctic (available within the here proposed project from the DFG-funded TR 172, AC3, project B04). A result of this project will be a deeper understanding which processes dominate the CCN and INP population in high latitudes. The quantitative information on high-latitude CCN and INP compiled in the framework of the present proposal will be made available open-source to evaluate and constrain global models and satellite retrieval methods.