The study of heat transfer and flow characteristics of liquid metals under a magnetic field

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Two and three-dimensional natural convection of liquid metal was studied both theoretically and experimentally. The effect of external magnetic field on convection was included. The direction of external magnetic field was found to suppress the rate of convection and the rate of heat transfer differently. The most effective direction was perpendicular to the heated and cooled walls. The least effective direction was parallel to the heated and cooled walls. These theoretical findings were experimentally confirmed afterwards. Three-dimensional Czochralski convection was also successfully simulated with a magnetic field.