Overcoming Breeding Barriers by Means of Plant Biotechnology

宫崎大学农学院国际合作。卢布尔雅那大学的生物技术学院在题为“通过植物生物技术克服育种障碍”的财政支持下成为姐妹学校，从而得到了发展。在以下类别中，一些方法取得了成功。1) DNA转移或基因工程，2)引入外来基因的染色体工程，3)包括体细胞融合在内的细胞处理，4)组织水平的克隆增殖。从两种无融合的雀稗（Paspalum dilatatum）和大雀稗（Panicum maximum）中分离出原生质体。原生质体分裂和菌落形成是有效的。两种植物间原生质体融合成功形成杂交愈伤组织。利用愈伤组织对高等植物蛋白质的酪氨酸硫酸化进行了初步研究。牛肝脏高尔基酪氨酸蛋白磺酸转移酶被认为是本研究的指导方针。然而，在实验条件下，高等植物中未观察到蛋白质硫酸化。分析了黄虹膜雌雄二倍体的染色体结合力，并与亲本和杂种F_1进行了比较。讨论了这些种间杂交育种策略。为评价荞麦品种的生产能力，通过对某块地的期望产量和实际产量进行比较，设计了一种新的试验方法。利用离体培养技术已在许多物种中诱导出单倍体植株。该方法已应用于荞麦遗传育种研究。对马铃薯愈伤组织中氨基葡萄糖进行了分离、鉴定和测定。在老化愈伤组织中观察到氨基葡萄糖的积累，在sds不溶性和可溶性部分尤其明显。据推测，在老化的愈伤组织中，细胞的结构成分可能被葡萄糖胺粘接。

International collaboration between Miyazaki Univ., Faculty of Agric. And University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty has developed as these faculties became sister schools under the financial support entitled " Overcoming breeding barriers by means of plant biotechnology. Under the following categories some approaches have performed. 1) DNA transfer or genetic engineering, 2) chromosomal engineering for the introduction of alien genes, 3) Cellular handling including somatic fusion, 4) Clonal proliferation at tissue level.Protoplasts were isolated from two apomictic species of Paspalum dilatatum and Panicum maximum. Protoplast division and colony formation were found to be effective. Attempts of protoplast fusion between both species were succeeded to form hybrid callus.Preliminary work has been carried out on the tyrosine sulfation of protein in higher plants using callus. Tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase from the bovine liver Golgi was considered as a guide line for this study. No protein sulfation could be, however, observed in higher plants under the experimental conditions.The chromosome association of amphidiploids of Iris laevigata x I. ensata were analysed and compared with that of the parental species and F_1 hybrids. These interspecific cross-breeding strategy was discussed.To evaluate the yielding ability of buckwheat varieties, selections and crosses a new experimental approach was designed based on a comparison of the expected and actual yields of a certain plot.Haploid plant have been induced by in vitro culture techniques in many species. This methods were applied to buckwheat genetics and breeding studies.Isolation, identification and determination of glucosamine were performed in callus of potato. Accumulation of glucosamine was observed in aged-callus, and was particularly evident in the SDS-insoluble and soluble fractions. It is speculated that in aged-callus, structural components of the cell may be cemented by glucosamine.