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Proto-Industrialization and Changes in Socio-economic Structure in an Comparative-Historical Perspective

比较历史视角下的原始工业化与社会经济结构变迁

基本信息

批准号：
01301080
负责人：
ISHIZAKA Akio
金额：
$ 3.78万
依托单位：
Hokkaido University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Co-operative Research (A)
财政年份：
1989
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
1989 至 1990
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-01301080/
关键词：
Proto-industrialization Rural industry Demography Domestic system Region Birth-rate Population pressure Family

项目摘要

In this co-operative research project we attempted to investigate socio-economic changes in some most important regions in Western Europe in detail where rural industries prospered on the eve of the Industrial Revolution. Every participant specialized himself/herself respectively in a special research in an important region or problem. Results reported at the 6 meetings throughout the term of these 2 years, are summarized as follows :1. Relation between population pressure and development of rural industries are far complicated and so diversified from a region to another, that several historical factors, so variable according to the region, played important roles : the very existence of overpopulation itself cannot be regarded as a favorable precondition for the development of rural industries. This the more so in the case with the Irish.Furthermore, though the rural industiles contributed to rapid population growth and high density by way of lowering marrying age and thus pulling up t … More he birth-rate in the beginning phase, age of marrage tended to go up in the maturing phase. Thus we must take into account not only economic conditions supporting the rural industries but also multifarious social factors.2. Agrarian regimes hereditary from the Middle Age seem to have played a decisive role in the emergence of rural industries in modern Western Europe. Especially it depended upon forms and efficacy of seigneurial regulation, types of rural community, landownership (large landownership or small peasant occupying-landholdings), or regional character like : traditional agricutural region or newly cleared former woodland or pastoral area.3. Whereas the region like Flanders with an high population pressure amidst the intensive small peasant farming stayed under the Kaufsystem, without developing even their putting-out system and showed a very negative rection to the transition to the modern factory industry, it was in the most cases the pastoral region which reacted very positively to the introduction of machinery as a solution to the scarcity of labor and technical difficulties.4. In regard to the modern industrialization, market circumstances of products and raw materials played very important roles. Thereby cotton and worsted industries as well some types of woolen industry of high quality contrasted sharply to declining linen textile manufacture. Less

在这个合作研究项目中，我们试图详细调查西欧一些最重要地区的社会经济变化，这些地区的农村工业在工业革命前夕繁荣起来。每个参与者都专门研究了一个重要的领域或问题。在这两年的任期内，在6次会议上报告的结果总结如下：1。人口压力与农村工业发展之间的关系是非常复杂的，而且在不同地区之间是如此的不同，有几个因地区而异的历史因素起了重要作用：人口过剩本身的存在不能被视为农村工业发展的有利条件。爱尔兰人的情况更是如此。此外，尽管农村工业通过降低结婚年龄从而提高人口密度，促进了人口的快速增长和高密度，但农村工业的发展仍然是一个巨大的挑战。 ...更多信息生育率在初期阶段呈上升趋势，结婚年龄在成熟阶段呈上升趋势。因此，我们不仅要考虑支持农村工业的经济条件，而且要考虑各种社会因素。从中世纪开始世袭的农业政权似乎对现代西欧农村工业的出现起了决定性作用。特别是它取决于领主管制的形式和效力、农村社区的类型、土地所有制（大土地所有制或小农占有土地）或区域特征，如：传统农业区或新开垦的原林地或牧区.像弗兰德斯这样的地区，在密集的小农农业中，人口压力很大，仍然处于考夫制度之下，甚至没有发展他们的外包制度，并对向现代工厂工业的过渡表现出非常消极的反应，而在大多数情况下，正是牧区对机械的引进做出了非常积极的反应，以解决劳动力短缺和技术困难。在现代工业化过程中，产品和原材料的市场环境起着非常重要的作用。因此，棉花和精纺毛纺工业以及某些类型的高质量毛纺工业与衰落的亚麻纺织业形成了鲜明的对比。少