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The Role of Lawyers in Criminal Justice

律师在刑事司法中的作用

基本信息

批准号：
01520029
负责人：
MURAYAMA Masayuki
金额：
$ 1.02万
依托单位：
Chiba University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for General Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
1989
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
1989 至 1990
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

My survey research in Tokyo shows that major fields of the lawyers are those of real estates owned by individuals, inheritance, divorce, and those of small companies. Though legal service for large corporations seem to increase with the rapid expansion of the international affairs field, it does not seem to have changed the basic structure of the legal work in Tokyo.2. The number of lawyers who handle criminal cases seem to be decreasing. Lawyers who work as court-appointed counsels occupy less than 20% of the lawyers registered at the three bar associations in Tokyo. Most of them are junior bar members with 10 years experience or less, old lawyers, and a rather small number of experienced lawyers with personal interests in criminal defense work. In contrast, retained-counsel work is taken by a wide range of lawyers as work similar to ordinary civil cases.3. Court-appointed counsels do not seem to work as actively as retained-counsels. However, it may simply reflect the nature of most court-appointed counsel cases in which the defendants confessed to the Police and do not contest against the prosecutors. On this point, we have to further clarify the relationship between defense activity and the nature of a case.4. When we compare the Tokyo situation with the American counterpart in the 1910's in which the public defender system emerged, we find some problems of court-appointed counsel system somewhat similar. However, the Japanese solution rfiay be different from that of the U. S., since the Japanese bar organizations are dominated by solo or small office practitioners who have traditional professional values different from business lawyers.

我在东京的调查研究表明，律师的主要领域是个人拥有的真实的财产、继承、离婚和小公司。虽然为大公司提供的法律的服务似乎随着国际事务领域的迅速扩大而增加，但这似乎并没有改变东京法律的工作的基本结构。处理刑事案件的律师人数似乎在减少。在东京的三个律师协会注册的律师中，担任法院指定律师的律师不到20%。他们大多数是10年以下的初级律师和老律师，也有相当一部分是有经验的律师，个人对刑事辩护工作感兴趣。相比之下，许多律师认为聘请律师的工作与普通民事案件类似。法院指定的律师似乎不像留用律师那样积极工作。然而，这可能只是反映了大多数法院指定律师案件的性质，在这些案件中，被告向警方认罪，而不与检察官争辩。在这一点上，我们必须进一步明确辩护活动与案件性质的关系。当我们将东京的情况与1910年代美国公设辩护人制度出现时的情况相比较时，我们发现法院指定律师制度的一些问题有相似之处。然而，日本的解决方案可能与美国的不同。美国，因为日本的律师组织主要由个人或小办公室的从业者主导，他们具有与商业律师不同的传统职业价值观。