Study of Criminal Defense Preparations for the Intensive Trial Hearing

研究结果如下：(1)《联邦刑事诉讼规则》第15条为使证词永久有效而采用证词。研究了规则15 FRCrP的背景和一些建设性问题。这一程序为在宪法被告人与证人对质权的保护下使证言永久化提供了重要手段。《日本刑事诉讼法》第321条也允许警察或检察机关为使证言永久化而作为审讯结果作出证言。但这一条款可能会扰乱密集的审判听证会。需要采用与FRCrP规则15相同的程序。(2)有些国家也采用刑事取证作为取证目的。在庭审中，发现性证词是为证人质询做准备的一种非常有效的手段，在证实对方证人的可靠性的情况下，也能使案件早日得到解决。有些州为了保护证人不受骚扰而限制被告出庭作证。在日本还没有发现证据，但它是非常重要的手段，特别是对被告准备他的案件。日本应该讨论刑事取证的采纳问题。

Followings results were gained through this research.(1) Rule 15 on Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure(FRCrP) adopts depositions for the purpose of perpetuating a testimony. Backgrounds and some constructive issues on Rule 15 FRCrP were studied. This procedure provides an important mean to perpetuate testimony under protection of the constitutional defendant' s right to confront a witness. Section 321 of Japanese Code of Criminal Procedure also permits testimonial statements made by the police or the prosecution as results of interrogation for the purpose of perpetuating the testimony. But this provision could be one of causes to disturb intensive trial hearings. It is needed to adopt the same procedure as Rule15 of FRCrP.(2) Some States adopt criminal depositions for a discovery purpose, too. The discovery deposition can be a very effectual mean to prepare for witness-examination in a trial, and also bring an early resolution of the case if reliabilities of opponent' s witnesses confirmed. Some states restrict attendance of the defendant to the deposition in order to protect witnesses from harassments. Discovery depositions are unknown in Japan, but would be very important means especially for the defendant to prepare his case. Adoption of criminal depositions should be discussed in Japan.