Behavioral Study for Management of Grazing Steers and Heifers in Sloped Pasture.

在分别添加5头荷斯坦小母牛(37组和23头)后，对32头和18头Hereford小母牛和公牛的行为进行了观察。分别在37组和23组的大而高海拔草地和小而相对平坦的草地上观察。在早期阶段，23组出现了品种间的同步性，而不是37组。根据非肉体相遇占总相遇的比例，说明37组的社会结构比23组更稳定。每个牧场的两个组在整个夏季持续研究它们的生长表现和行为。在小而平坦的草地上，群体生长情况较好。牧场地形对放牧休憩时间没有影响，而牧场海拔高度对放牧休憩地点有影响。放牧牛的休息地与环境温度、风速和水域位置有关，比较了大牧场(36-39个)和小牧场(22-25个)的空间行为和社会行为。大群牛比小群牛更倾向于相对分散。种群规模越大，相遇次数越多，而相遇次数受牧场牧草产量的影响较大。

Behavior was observed in two groups of 32 and 18 Hereford heifers and steers after adding of each 5 Holstein heifers (groups 37 and 23). Observation was conducted after each grouping in large but highly elevated pasture and small and relative flat pasture for groups 37 and 23, respectively. A synchronization of the eating pattern between breeds was occurred in early stage in group 23 rather than that in group 37. Frequency of agonistic encounter was rapidly decreased in group 23, while according to the result of proportion of non-physical encounters to total encounter suggested that social structure in group 37 was more stable than that in group 23.These two groups in each pasture were studied continuously through summer season on their growth performance and behavior. Growth of group in small and flat pasture was better than the other. Topography of pasture had no effect on grazing and resting time, while elevations of pasture influenced on their grazing and resting sites. Resting site of grazing cattle were related to ambient temperature, wind velocity and position of water.Spacing and social behavior in large (36-39) and small (22-25) were compared in each experimental pasture which had similar space allowance per animal. Cattle in large group tended to disperse relatively rather than that in small group. Group of large size showed more frequent encounters, while frequency of encounter was influenced by grass yield in the pasture.