Geoecological and Socio-Structural Impacts of the Settlement-Removal Schemes Caused by Natural Disasters or Dam-Constructions.

1.本项目旨在分析主要因自然灾害或在偏远农村地区修建大坝而实施的定居点搬迁计划的地质生态和社会结构影响，同时特别考虑到其对资源保护和人口减少的周边地区的振兴的重要意义。调查区位于：a)长野县的稻谷县，b)福岛县的多美谷地，是洪灾后实施的定居点搬迁计划，c)福井县的大野县，在库祖鲁河水资源开发项目方面实行了类似的计划。在调查区，通过面相和实地考察的方式制作了不同阶段的地质生态图和土地利用图，并通过文献资料和对相关村民的访谈，调查了各自地区村落社区社会结构的变化过程。本研究的主要成果…更多的情况如下：(1)1960年代的大多数定居点搬迁计划都是在发生严重自然灾害后不久实施的。这些村庄通常位于偏远山区，环境恶劣，如海拔高、坡度陡、降雪大等。(2)这些村庄的人们长期以来靠养蚕、制炭等传统职业维持着相当稳定的生活。虽然村庄被遗弃的直接原因往往是某种自然灾害，但在20世纪60年代经济扩张时期，这些传统职业的急剧衰落，应该被理解为在他们身后发挥了更大的作用。(3)根据周围地区的自然、社会经济和行政条件，我们可以认识到在搬迁人口的新安置点社区生活的各种形式的重建过程。然而，作为村落社区维持人际关系的可能性，例如群体殖民制度、同村社区的组织等，对于迁出的人的成功定居是非常重要的。(4)自20世纪70年代以来，即使在偏远的农村地区，由于交通设施的改善、机动化趋势的提高和当地劳动力市场的扩大，村庄隔离的程度普遍降低，因此，拆迁案件的数量显著减少。(5)然而，在曾经被遗弃的旧村地区，由于对森林和溪流的高度强化管理，加速了地质生态环境恶化的趋势，从而使整个流域的保护受到威胁。(6)因此，移民搬迁计划对当地社区及其地质生态环境的多重影响可以被认为是对未来我国土地保护问题的许多重要建议。较少

1. This project aims at an analysis of the geoecological and socio-structural impacts of the settlement-removal schemes, which were carried out mainly on account of natural disasters or dam-constructions in remote rural areas, under special consideration of their significances for resources conservation and revitalization of the depopulated peripheral regions.2. Survey areas are located in ; a) Ina-valley, Nagano-Ken, b) Tadami-valley, Fukushima-Ken, were settlement removal schemes were practiced after flood disasters, and c) Ohno-basin, Fukui-Ken, where similar schemes were practiced in connection with the Kuzuryu-river water resources development projects.3. In the survey areas, geoecological and land use maps of different stages were produced by means of areal photographs and field works, and the process of changing social structure of village communities of the respective areas were investigated by the documents and interviews with related villagers.4. Main results of this research … More are as follows ; (1) Most cases of the settlement-removal schemes in 1960s were practiced just after severe natural disasters. These villages were usually located in remote mountain areas with unfavorable circumstances, such as high altitude, steep slope, heavy snowfall, etc. (2) People of those villages had long kept up their quite stable living by traditional callings, like sericulture, charcoal making, etc. Although the direct causes of the village abandonments were often some sorts of natural disasters, a sharp decline of those traditional callings, during the era of economic expansion in 1960s, should be appreciated as playing a greater roll behind them. (3) We can recognize various forms of reconstruction process of living in the newly settled communities of the removed people, conditioned by physical, socio-economic and administrative circumstances of the surrounding areas. However, the possibilities of maintaining human relations as a village-like community, for instance, the group-colonization system, the organization of same-villager community, and so on, are very important for the successful settling down of the removed people. (4) Since 1970s, even in the remote rural areas, the grade of village-isolation has been generally diminished, through the improved transport facilities, the increasing motorization tendencies and the extending local labor markets, and, consequently, the number of settlement-removal cases has remarkably decreased. (5) Nevertheless, in the once abandoned former village areas, a tendency of deteriorating geoecological environments has been accelerated through the extremely intensified managements of forests and streams, bringing as a consequence the total river basin conservation in danger. (6) Thus, the multiple impacts of the settlement-removal schemes upon local communities and their geoecological circumstances can be recognized as giving us many important suggestions for the future conservation problems of our national land. Less