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Study of Noh play in the Edo Era

江户时代能剧研究

基本信息

批准号：
02610205
负责人：
TAKEMOTO Mikio
金额：
$ 1.15万
依托单位：
Wasede University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for General Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
1990
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
1990 至 1992
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

Noh actors in the Edo Era are roughly divided into four types. The first type consisted of the head masters (Iemoto) of "Yoza", who acted under the auspices of Tokugawa shogunate. ("Yoza" means four schools of Noh actors established in Yamato area in the Muromachi Era.) The second type consisted of disciples of "Yoza", who acted under the auspices of feudal lords. and these actors were vassals or employees of feudal lords. The third type consisted of amateurs, townspeoples or farmers, who were called"Ujiko". They played noh on the occasions of Shinto or Buddhist rituals. The fourth type consisted of professional Noh actors except the members of "Yoza", who were called "Tesarugaku". They belonged to small groups of Noh players, and played Noh on the street touring the provinces all the year round.Successive Tokugawa Shoguns, for example, Hidetada(the second Shogun), or Tsunayoshi (The fifth shogun), patronized one of the masters of "Yoza". Lots of feudal lords catered to Shogun's tastes, and hired the disciples of "Yoza" school as actors performing exclusively for them, and allowed their vassals to become the pupils of Noh actors. Besides, Tokugawa shogunate and feudal lords suppressed all the Noh actors except the members of "Yoza". As a result, in the second half of the Edo Era, Noh actors of fourth type became extinct, and all the Noh actors apprenticed themselves to the masters of "Yoza". And the "Iemoto" system was established completely in this era.

江户时代的能男演员大致分为四种类型。第一类是在德川幕府的主持下活动的Yoza的首领(Iemoto)。(Yoza指的是室町时代在大和地区成立的四个能男演员学校。)第二类是在封建领主的主持下活动的“Yoza”的弟子。这些演员要么是封建领主的附庸，要么是领主的雇员。第三类是业余爱好者、镇民或农民，他们被称为“Ujiko”。他们在神道教或佛教仪式上演奏能音。第四类是由专业的能男演员组成，除了被称为“Tesarugaku”的“Yoza”成员。他们属于能的玩家的小团体，常年在街上巡回演出。成功的德川幕府，例如Hidetada(第二幕府将军)或Tsunayoshi(第五幕府幕府)，光顾其中一位Yoza大师。许多封建领主迎合了幕府的口味，聘请了Yoza派的弟子作为专门为他们表演的演员，并允许他们的附庸成为能演员的学生。此外，德川幕府和封建领主镇压了除了Yoza成员之外的所有能演员。因此，在江户时代的下半段，第四类能男演员灭绝了，所有的能能演员都向《Yoza》的大师们学徒。而Iemoto系统就是在这个时代完全建立起来的。