Economic Transformation in Rural SE Asia

尽管文化、社会和政治条件不同，但至少在1980年之前，菲律宾和泰国的经济表现出了密切的相似性。然而，自20世纪80年代以来，两国宏观经济表现的差距迅速扩大。众所周知，泰国现在被称为充满活力的亚洲经济体之一，而菲律宾经济长期停滞不前。本研究的目的是通过对两国农村和城市地区的实地调查，探讨经济差距扩大的原因。1991年，通过对比科尔岛和西米沙鄢岛种植园以及吕宋岛中部稻田的实地调查，考察了菲律宾土地改革的效果。这场土地改革的突出之处在于，它将覆盖所有的农田，即使是无地的劳动者也将成为受益者。然而，这项研究表明，在执行中的表现不佳，失望的农民和失地工人。虽然政府已经开始与非政府组织和人民团体合作实施改革，但支持服务仍然很差。即使是在菲律宾最大的粮食生产带、农业发展程度相当高的中吕宋岛，受益者和非受益者之间的收入分配也会恶化。在泰国中部和北方，据澄清，由于农村制造业和奶牛养殖业的发展，出现了劳动力短缺。最近，这些地区无地劳工的工资有所提高，因此停止了向曼谷的移民。在曼谷，对贫民窟非正规部门的调查结果也显示了一个有趣的方面：虽然被纳入正规部门的大多数永久居民来自泰国中部和北方，但劳动力市场分散的临时居民大多来自东北部。

The philippines and Thailand showed close economic similarities at least until 1980, in spite of different cultural, social and political conditions. The gap of macroeconomic performances between these two countries, however, has expanded rapidly since 1980s. It is well-Known that Thailand is now called one of the Dynamic Asian Economies, while the Philippine economy has remained stagnant for long. The aim of the study is to inquire reasons of this expanding economic gap, by conducting field researches in rural and urban areas in both of the countries.In 1991, the effects of land reform in the Philippines were examined by field researches in plantations in Bicol and Western Visayas, and paddies in Central Luzon. This land reform was prominent in that it would cover all of the farmlands and even landless laborers should be beneficiaries. This research showed, however, that the poor performances in implementation disappointed peasants and landless laborers. Although the government has begun to implement the reform in cooperations with NGOs and People Organizations, the supporting services are still poor. Even in Central Luzon, which is the biggest grain belt in the Philippines and has enjoyed considerable agricultural development, the income distribution between beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries will get worse.The researches on labor markets in rural and urban areas in Thailand were conducted in 1992. In Central and Northern Thai, it was clarified that labor shortages had occurred because of the development in rural manufacturings and dairy farming. Recently wages for landless laborers in these areas have become higher and consequently migration to Bangkok ceased. In Bangkok, the fact finding on the informal sector in a slum also showed an interesting aspect : while most of the permanent residents who were incorporated into the formal sector came from Central and Northern Thai, the temporary dwellers whose labor markets were fragmented were mostly from Northeast.