The role of snow and ice in the water cycle on the Tibetan Plateau

1994年是该项目的最后一年，除继续进行监测观测外，还进行了密集的夏季观测和大面积数据及样本收集。（1）继续在唐古拉山地区进行观测，获得了以下资料。（a）获得了一整年的气象要素数据、冰川质量平衡和冰温数据、3个流域的流量数据。这些活动仍在继续。（B）1993年5月至11月，10名日本成员和3名中国成员合作测量了区域降水分布、冰川质量平衡、冻土蒸发、热/水通量的区域特征所需的要素。（2）进行了以下大面积数据收集：（a）高原各地点的气象数据和降水样本。（B）卫星资料（JERS 1、MOS 1、NOAA），用于反演区域地面湿度和地表状况资料。(1)As日 ...更多信息 由于这些地区的冰川是寒冷的，内部积累对冰川的物质平衡有很大贡献。（2）冰川上的生物活性低于青藏高原南部的冰川。（3）冻土层活动层厚度在80 ~ 220 cm之间。主要的决定因素是土壤含水量，而不是土壤质地。在薄的活性层部分，蒸发几乎加倍。（4）三个流域（21 ~ 4538 km ~ 2）的水系特征不同。（5）该地区年降水量可达1000 mm，远高于较低的常设站。（6）冬季地表水热通量受积雪影响具有高度依赖性，夏季主要取决于土壤湿度。（7）从JERSI卫星获得了研究区域的三幅合成孔径雷达图像。从这些数据中可以得到土壤湿度的区域分布。（8）青藏高原三角洲180的分布特征表明，该地区存在降水再循环的可能性，由于在三年研究期的最后一年进行了密集的测量，最终报告将于1994年晚些时候发表。少

In 1994, the final year of the project, intensive summer observations and wide area data and sample collections were made, besides continuing the monitoring observations.(1)Observations at Tanggula Mountain area were continued and the following data were obtained.(a)Data on the meteorological elements, glacier mass balance and ice temperature data, discharge data at 3 drainage areas were obtained for one full year. These are still continuing.(b)From May to November 1993, 10 Japanese members and 3 Chinese members, collaborated to measure elements needed for areal precipitation distribution, glacier mass balance, evaporation on frozen ground, areal characteristics of heat/water fluxes.(2)Following wide area data collections were made(a)Meteorological data and precipitation sample at various sites on the Plateau.(b)Satellite data (JERS1, MOS1, NOAA) for retrieving areal ground moisture and surface condition data.Following results were obtained from these observations and analysis.(1)As th … More e glaciers in these regions are cold, internal accumulation contributes much to the mass balance of the glacier.(2)The biological activity on the glacier is lower than the glaciers on the southern part of Tibet Plateau.(3)The active layer thickness of the frozen ground layer varies from 80 to 220cm among sites. The predominant determinant factor is the soil moisture content, rather than the soil texture. Evaporation is nearly doubled at thin active layer parts.(4)The drainage characteristics differ among three drainage areas (21 to 4538km2).(5)Precipitation in this area may reach 1000 mm per year which is much higher than the lower permanent stations.(6)Surface heat/water fluxes have altitude dependency in winter due to snow coverage, but depend on mainly on soil moisture in summer.(7)Three SAR images of the study area were obtained from satellite JERSI. Areal distribution of soil moisture may be able to be obtained from these data.(8)Characteristics of areal distribution of delta180 on Tibet Plateau, show some possibility of precipitation recycling in this area.As the intensive measurements were made at the last year of the three years study period, the final report will be published later in 1994. Less