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Anthropological Study of Changing Socio-Ecology of the San

桑人社会生态变化的人类学研究

基本信息

批准号：
04041059
负责人：
SUGAWARA Kazuyoshi
金额：
$ 19.52万
依托单位：
Kyoto University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for international Scientific Research
财政年份：
1992
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
1992 至 1994
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

This research focuses on the socio-cultural change in an egalitarian society of/Gui and //Gana speaking hunter-gatherers under the settlement which had begun since 1979. Intensive field researches was carried out at ! Koi! Kom in the Xade (! q'are) area locating near the mid-Western border of the Central Kalahari Game Reserve, Botswana. Comparison was made with the recent development of the ! Kung San (Zu/hoasi) residing in the Nyae Nyae area, Namibia.The analysis of population dynamics exemplified striking increase of birth rate and distinct decrease of infant mortality. The penetration of cash economy through the wage labor and the selling of folk-crafts not only affects the socio-economic arrangement, but causes serious incongruence of traditional norms with modern values. The introduction of new way of subsistence, i. e. , agriculture and goat-raizing, re-organizes social relationships which were previously based on a quite fluid tendency of grouping.Analysis of everyday conversati … More on threw light on specific aspects of social conflict to the settlement, the most conspicuous of which was between the San and the Bakgalagadi agro-pastoralist. It also elucidates logics underlying various kinds of speech acts, su1h as requesting, requiring, and criticizing, as well as the characteristics of communal decision-making process.By means of linguistic research, the basic vocabulary of/Gui and//Gana dialects comprizing more than 2,000 words were collected, of which phonetic features, as well as phonemic organization, were confirmed. Further, morphological and syntagmatic structure of both dialects were ascertained. Other researchers are collaborating with the linguists in order to compile an inclusive dictionary.We have also paid the special attention on several eco-cultural complexes embodying the folk-view toward the "nature" , i. e. , regulation and taboo of animal food, folk-taxonomy of birds, gathering and cooking of many species of insect, and cognition system of invertebrates based on the essentially omnivorous diet. From the viewpoint of anthropology of women, a female researcher recorded the life histories of several/Gui women, which includes a body of detailed descriptions concerning the elaborated symbolic devices constituting the ritual for the first menstruation.The staff of the University of Botswana compared the sociological data from the field research, with documents and publications before and after the independence, so as to elucidate both the features of the relationship between the San and the Bantu agro-pastoralists, and the transition in the policy for governing the San from the colonial to Botswana government. Less

本研究的重点是自1979年以来开始的定居点下的/Gui和/Gana说狩猎采集者的平等社会中的社会文化变化。深入的实地调研在！锦鲤！Kom in the Xade（！q 'are）地区，位于博茨瓦纳中部卡拉哈里野生动物保护区的中西部边界附近。比较了最近的发展！对人口动态的分析表明，出生率显著上升，婴儿死亡率明显下降。商品经济通过雇佣劳动和民间工艺品销售的渗透，不仅影响了社会经济安排，而且造成了传统规范与现代价值观的严重不协调。新的生存方式的引入，即。e.农业和养羊业的发展，重新组织了以前基于一种相当流动的群体倾向的社会关系。 ...更多信息这份报告揭示了定居点社会冲突的具体方面，其中最突出的是桑人和巴卡拉加迪农牧民之间的冲突。通过语言学研究，收集了桂、赣方言的基本词汇，共2,000余字，确定了其语音特点和音位结构。此外，两种方言的形态和组合结构被确定。其他研究者正在与语言学家合作编纂一部兼收并蓄的词典，我们还特别关注了几个体现民间自然观的生态文化复合体，即：e.动物性食物的规定与禁忌、鸟类的民间分类、多种昆虫的采集与烹饪、无脊椎动物以杂食为主的认知系统等。一位女性研究人员从妇女人类学的角度记录了几位/桂妇女的生活史，其中包括对构成第一次月经仪式的精心制作的象征性装置的详细描述，博茨瓦纳大学的工作人员将实地研究的社会学数据与独立前后的文件和出版物进行了比较，从而阐明桑族与班图族农牧关系的特点，以及从殖民地到博茨瓦纳政府对桑族的治理政策的转变。少