Anthropological Study of Changing Socio-Ecology of the San

这项研究的重点是在1979年开始的定居点下，/Gui和//Gana讲狩猎-采集者的平等主义社会中的社会文化变化。在！进行了密集的实地研究！锦鲤！Kom in the Xade(！Q‘are)位于博茨瓦纳中央卡拉哈里野生动物保护区中西部边界附近的地区。与最新的发展进行了比较！居住在纳米比亚Nyae Nyae地区的Kung San(Zu/Hoasi)。人口动态分析表明，出生率显著上升，婴儿死亡率显著下降。通过雇佣劳动和民间手工艺品的销售渗透到现金经济中，不仅影响了社会经济安排，而且造成了传统规范与现代价值观的严重不协调。新的生存方式的引入，即农业和放牧，重新组织了以前基于相当不稳定的集群化趋势的社会关系。日常对话的…分析更多的信息揭示了该定居点的社会冲突的具体方面，其中最明显的是桑人和巴克加拉加迪农牧民之间的冲突。通过语言学研究，收集了/Gui和//Gana方言的2000多个单词的基本词汇，确定了其中的语音特征和音位组织。在此基础上，确定了两种方言的形态结构和组合结构。其他研究人员正在与语言学家合作编写一部包容性词典。我们还特别关注了体现民间观的几个生态文化综合体，即动物性食物的规则和禁忌、鸟类的民间分类、多种昆虫的聚集和烹饪以及基于杂食性饮食的无脊椎动物的认知系统。从女性人类学的角度，一位女性研究人员记录了几位/桂族妇女的生活史，其中包括对构成第一次月经仪式的精心设计的象征装置的详细描述。博茨瓦纳大学的工作人员将田野调查的社会学数据与独立前后的文件和出版物进行比较，以阐明桑族和班图农牧民之间的关系特征，以及统治桑族的政策从殖民政府向博茨瓦纳政府的过渡。较少

This research focuses on the socio-cultural change in an egalitarian society of/Gui and //Gana speaking hunter-gatherers under the settlement which had begun since 1979. Intensive field researches was carried out at ! Koi! Kom in the Xade (! q'are) area locating near the mid-Western border of the Central Kalahari Game Reserve, Botswana. Comparison was made with the recent development of the ! Kung San (Zu/hoasi) residing in the Nyae Nyae area, Namibia.The analysis of population dynamics exemplified striking increase of birth rate and distinct decrease of infant mortality. The penetration of cash economy through the wage labor and the selling of folk-crafts not only affects the socio-economic arrangement, but causes serious incongruence of traditional norms with modern values. The introduction of new way of subsistence, i. e. , agriculture and goat-raizing, re-organizes social relationships which were previously based on a quite fluid tendency of grouping.Analysis of everyday conversati … More on threw light on specific aspects of social conflict to the settlement, the most conspicuous of which was between the San and the Bakgalagadi agro-pastoralist. It also elucidates logics underlying various kinds of speech acts, su1h as requesting, requiring, and criticizing, as well as the characteristics of communal decision-making process.By means of linguistic research, the basic vocabulary of/Gui and//Gana dialects comprizing more than 2,000 words were collected, of which phonetic features, as well as phonemic organization, were confirmed. Further, morphological and syntagmatic structure of both dialects were ascertained. Other researchers are collaborating with the linguists in order to compile an inclusive dictionary.We have also paid the special attention on several eco-cultural complexes embodying the folk-view toward the "nature" , i. e. , regulation and taboo of animal food, folk-taxonomy of birds, gathering and cooking of many species of insect, and cognition system of invertebrates based on the essentially omnivorous diet. From the viewpoint of anthropology of women, a female researcher recorded the life histories of several/Gui women, which includes a body of detailed descriptions concerning the elaborated symbolic devices constituting the ritual for the first menstruation.The staff of the University of Botswana compared the sociological data from the field research, with documents and publications before and after the independence, so as to elucidate both the features of the relationship between the San and the Bantu agro-pastoralists, and the transition in the policy for governing the San from the colonial to Botswana government. Less