Research for the Social mobility and Hegemony in the Occidental modern History

1.本研究旨在揭示西方国家、英国、法国和德国在近代史上的社会流动和霸权阶级。在这个计划中，我们关心的是文化手段（如布道、仪式、象征、精英）或机构（如教育工具、工会、教会）是如何领导和统治（也就是说，影响霸权）下层阶级的，而不是使用行政机器。2.经过三年的合作研究，我们发现：（1）首先，在英国，上层绅士（世纪中上部）在都铎王朝统治时期，尤指那些被任命为侍从官的人（在Excheguer）成为有影响力的站在国王的私人仪式，在18世纪世纪中产阶级来在中间的士绅和平民，19世纪末，城市金融界与绅士社会、绅士资本主义有着密切的联系。(2)第二，在法国，从来没有像英国绅士那样的“完整阶级”。“Anobli”尽管它的中间位置之间的贵族和上层资产阶级，并没有联合收割机他们，也不是帝国贵族（1808年至1814年）没有构成混合-31.但在我们看来，这些都很有趣，因为它们代表了精英政治，吸引了中产阶级的注意，特别是帝国的军事候选人。直到第三共和国，中产阶级才成为独立的霸权，这是通过为下层阶级提供社会晋升机会而实现的。(3)在德国，一部分中产阶级在世纪通过购买骑士土地进入贵族阶层。我们看到这两个阶级一边是冲突，一边是联盟。

1.This Research was planned to give light on the social mobility and hegemonial classes in Modern history of the occidental states, England, France and Germany. In that plan we are concerned to know how the cultural means(such as preach, ceremony, symbol, meritocracy)or apparatus(like educational instrument, trade union, church)have served to lead and govern(that's to say, effected the hegemony)the lower classes instead of using the administrative machineries. 2. As a result of three years'co-operative researhes, we attained to make apparent that, (1) first, in England, the upper gentry(upper-middle in 16th century)inder the Tudor's reign, especially those appointed to the Groom of Stool(in Excheguer)became influential by standing on King's private ceremony, in 18th century middle class coming in the midot of the gentry and populace, joint in moneyed interest with the former, absorbed the gentlemen's culture in town(conspicious consommation, for exampb) ; at the end of 19th century City's financial circles were identified with gentlemen's society and gentlemanly capitalism. (2) Secondly, in France, there has never been 'integral classe' as English gentlemen.'Anobli' despite of its intermediating place among noble and upper bourgeois, did not combine them, Neither Imperial nobles(1808-1814)did not constitute the mixed-3one. But those are interesting in our point of view, because they represented the meritocracy, which attracted the mind of middle class especially imperial military candidates. It was not before the Third Republic that the middle became independently hegemonial, what was attainable by offering the chances for the social promotion to the lower class. (3) In Germany, a part of middle class entered into the noble by buying knight's lands in 19th century. We get sight of these two classes in conflict on one side, and alliance on another side.