Mechanism of fertilization and embryo development

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Fertilization is the process including many events whereby individual gametes from the female and male unite to create offspring. This bisexual mode of reproduction via fertilization emerged during evolution and has been maintained in most species including mammals. Although the reason for mechanism of fertilization is still not clearly understood, this process may accelerate the rate of adaptation in evolution while avoiding irreversible accumlation of detrimental mutations in the face of a constantly changing environment. In this series of experiments we have revealed especially following results.(1) Apophotic bodies in granulosa of human follicles was highly observed in aged group over 40 years.(2) Fertilization triggered facilitative 2-deoxyglucose transport in one-cell embryo, and 2-deoxyglucose 6-phosphate formation developed along with the maturation of preimplantation embryos.(3) Intracellular calcium concentration starts to increase in a periodic manner after fertilization in oocytes of mice. This calcium oscillation was inhibited by calcium channel antagonists and pattern of calcium oscillation was changed in older egg compared to fresh egg.(4) Analysis of sperm chromosome was correctly performed after microinjection of sperm into hamster oocytes even oligo-asthenozospermia of human.(5) The oviduct secretes specificc glycoprotein that associate with egg after ovulation. Molecular cloning of cDNA corresponding to hamster oviduct glycoprotain was eight potential N-glycosylation sides. Northern blot analysis revealed that a single message of approximately.