Comparative Research on Teacher Education between Japan and the United States Life-long Continuing Education for Inservice Teachers

去年9月，在a.d ukuyama和a.m orry的削减下，我们的研究小组与美国军队进行了合作工作，在圣地亚哥举行了一次研究研讨会（JUSTEC）。该联盟的主题代表了教师教育研究的当前趋势，包括大学在教师专业发展中的作用，反思教学作为初级教师的有效教育方法，多元文化教育和科学素养在教师教学内容、教师教育中的技术介入、日本教师招聘的最新趋势等方面的意义。决定由美国参与者总结教师教育的概况和最新趋势，并由我们的研究小组严格翻译成日语。Tokuyama进一步调查了美国学校和教师教育的应急管理和备灾现状，他访问了华盛顿特区联邦应急管理局总部和马里兰州埃米茨堡国家培训中心，以了解风险管理系统，特别是学校的风险管理系统。讨论了在灾害发生时，管理系统如何进行阶段转换，在初始响应中，事件指挥系统需要及时有效地做出针对风险的决策，采取伤害急救、死亡急救和疏散等防御行动。另一方面，在持续的应对中，需要采取积极主动的进攻性行动，以减轻灾害，并对恢复进行前瞻性规划。论述了学校和教师在阪神地震中所扮演的重要角色，并讨论了校长决策的意义。最后讨论了教育在减灾和备灾中的作用。

Our reaearch group progressed collaboratory work with the U.S.troop to have a research symposium (JUSTEC) in last September at San Diego under the reduction of A.Tokuyama and A.Mory.Topics of the consortium represent current trends in research of teacher education, including the role of university in professional development of teachers, reflective teaching as effective methos of education for beginning teachers, significance of multicultural education and science literacy in contents pedagogy of teachers, technology involvement in teacher education, and recent trends in teacher recruitment in Japan.It is decided that overview and recent trends in teacher education are sumarized by the U.S.Participants, and they are critically translated by our research group to bullish in Japanese.Tokuyama further investigated teh current status of the emergency management and disaster preparedness in school and teacher education in the U.S.He visited FEMA headquarters in Washington DC and National Training Center in Emmitsburg MD to have the overview of the system of risk managements with special reference to those of schools. It is discussed, how management system phases transfer in case of disaster occurrence, In the initial response the incident command system needs timely and effective decision making against the risk, defensive action such as first aids for injury, fatality and evacuation. On the other hand, in the sustained response, pro-active and rather offensive actions are needed for mitigation and forward planning to recovery. Significant roles of schools and teachers playd in case of the Hanshin Earthquake are argued, and significance of principal's decision making are discussed. Finally role of education in disaster mitigation and preparedness are discussed.