Higher nervous control of quadrupedal and bipedal locomotion in cats and monkeys.

试图研究高级神经机制参与控制四足运动在急性去脑猫（运动准备），四足和两足运动在完整的，成年日本猴（Macaca fuscasta）。本研究的新的主要结果是：（1）发现了猫的小脑运动区;（2）建立了进一步分析涉及双足运动的高级神经机制的猴模型。在去大脑猫中，控制运动的最高神经系统是小脑和小脑核，如小脑顶核。系统的电生理学研究表明，刺激沿小脑白色物质中线的选定区域沿着能够唤起四足运动的表面上移动的跑步机。来自顶核的运动驱动信号被确定为通过顶网纤维、网状脊髓纤维和脊髓中间神经元传递到最终的共同路径（脊髓运动神经元）。这一发现表明，与先前认为小脑参与适应性运动控制的观点相反，小脑通过激活小脑顶核直接参与运动的启动和控制。在没有约束的完整猴子中，可以要求它们在移动的跑步机表面上四足和两足行走。经过2年的日常训练和温和的训斥，年轻的猴子学会了一种新的策略，可以根据我们的要求执行四足和两足运动。运动学分析表明，这些猴子的行走模式在许多方面与人类相似。利用已建立的猴子模型，可以直接研究高级神经系统的操作方式，例如，皮层活动，与四足和两足运动的执行和控制有关。

Attempts were made to study the higher nervous mechanisms involved in the control of quadrupedal locomotion in acute decerebrate cats (locomotor preparation), and quadrupedal and bipedal locomotion in intact, adult Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscasta). New major results of the present study are (1) discovery of the cerebellar locomotor region in cats, and (2) establishment of a monkey model for further analyzes of the higher nervous mechanisms involved in bipedal locomotion. In decerebrate cats, the highest nervous system for locomotor control is the cerebellum and the cerebellar nuclei such as the fastigial nucleus. Systematic electrophysiological studies demonstrated that stimulation of a selected region along the midline of the cerebellar white matter was capable of evoking quadrupedal locomotion on the surface of a moving treadmill. The locomotor driving signals originating from the fastigial nucleus were identified to be transmitted to the final common path (spinal motoneurons) via the fastigioreticular fibers, reticulospinal fibers, and spinal interneurons. This finding indicated that, in contrast to the previous notion that the cerebellum is involved in adapting control of locomotion, the cerebellum was directly involved in the initiation and control of locomotion by activating the fastigial nucleus. In intact monkeys without restraint, it was possible to require them to walk quadrupedally and bipedally on the surface of a moving treadmill. With daily training and gentle reprimand for about 2 years, young monkeys learned a new strategy for executing quadrupedal and bipedal locomotion depending on our requirements. kinematic analyzes showed that walking pattern of these monkeys resembled in many respects to that of the man. Using established monkey models, it became possible to study directly operating manner of the higher nervous system, for example, cortical activities, in relation to execution and control of quadrupedal and bipedal locomotion.