Socioeconomic Differences in Health and Health Care in Japan

本研究从1994年至1996年进行，结果如下：1）东京都地区中年男性死亡率的地区性特征和影响因素35岁至59岁男性的死亡率在各城市存在地区性差异;死亡率的这种差异与居民的社会经济特征有关，中年男性死亡率的分布模式为2）日本第二产业和第三产业中年男性劳动者健康相关生活方式的职业差异。234名30 ~ 59岁的男性工人，这些特征似乎是由工作时间、工作环境、工作方式和工作紧张等职业环境形成和影响的。3）健康状况的社会经济差异，调查了日本中、老年人对医疗保健的态度、卫生服务的利用情况，调查结果表明，日本中、老年人的健康状况受收入水平的影响，低收入人群的健康状况较差。不同文化程度和职业对医疗保健的态度存在差异。4）西方工业化国家健康的社会不平等及其因果解释西方工业化国家近十年来对健康的社会不平等进行的许多研究表明，在不同的健康指标，一些因果解释，及其对社会政策的影响。

The results of this study being conducted from fiscal 1994 to 1996 are the following points.1) Regional characteristics and factors of the death rate of the middle aged men in Tokyo metropolitan area.There were regional differences in the death rate of the male aged 35 to 59 years in the cities/wards located in Tokyo and neighboring 4 prefectures.Those differences of the death rate were correlated with the inhabitants socioeconomic characteristics.There distribution pattern of the death rate of the middle aged men by city/ward were observed from the late 1970s till the early 1990s.2) Occupational differences in health-related life-styles among middle-aged male workers in secondary and tertiary sectors in Japan.Occupational differences and features in health-related life-style and subjective health were seen among 20,234 male workers aged between 30 and 59.These features seemed to be formed and influenced by occupational circumstances such as hours of work, work environment, working style, and job strain.3) Socioeconomic differences in health status, attitudes to medical care, utillization of health services among Japanese middle and higher aged men.Health status was influenced by income level, that is to say, peple who were low income worse than others. Differences in attitudes to medical care were seen by the level of education and occupational category. Utilization of health services were seen little differences by socioeconomic status.4) Social inequalities in health and its causal explanation in western industrialized countries.Many studies on social inequalities in health being conducted during a recent decade in western industrialized counntries showed the evidence of socioeconomic differences of every aged group in both sexes in diverse health indicators, several causal exphlanations, and its implications for social policy.