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BASIC RESEARCH ON CAUSES AND INFLUENCE OF CROP DAMAGE DUE TO METEORIC DISASTER AND ON RISK AVERSION IN FIELD CROPS AND ANIMAL PRODUCTION IN HOKKAIDO

北海道气象灾害农作物受损原因、影响及农作物及畜牧业生产风险规避基础研究

基本信息

批准号：
06451127
负责人：
KUBO Yoshiharu
金额：
$ 2.88万
依托单位：
OBIHIRO UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND VETERINARY MEDICINE
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)
财政年份：
1994
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
1994 至 1996
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

1. A simple evaluation method for ability of plant adaptable to excessive wet soil conditions is to be developed in order to breed a cultivar of field crop with wet endurance.For this purpose we investigated the genetic variability for ethylene production induced by drought stress in wheat (triticum aestivum 1.). The drought stress was imposed by dehydration of the excised leaves at room airconditions or raising the plants in a high osmotic culture solution. When water deficit stress caused a 10% loss of initial fresh weight of leaves, plant produced ethylene mostly and the cultivar difference was the greatest. The genetic variation in ethylene production was responsible for three genes located on chromosomes 2B,5B and 1A,and suggesting the regulation of de novo synthesis by laminocycropropanecarboxylic acid (ACC) synthesis, which is the rate-controlling enzyme in the pathway of ethylene biosythesis. The growth response of cultivars of cultivars to drought stress was similar with that to the mechanical stress caused by moderate rubbing tip of leaves, implying that there is a similar mechanism for growth response of cultivars to different kinds of stresses. 2. An obsevation of productivity and variety composition transition of grasses at high and low elevation field explained that Timothy grass at high field and Orchard grass at low field were rather preferable and dominant variety respectively. 3. In the meteoric hazardous year, forage corn accumulated scarce starch and low qualty hay and grass silage were produced. Accordingly dairy cattles intook a short energy from forages in unfavorable meteoric year. 4. Subsoil breaking technique with bark manure as filter material and underdrainage in deep layr are quite effective to drain surface water after rainfall. 5. A case study applying stochastic dominance to crop yield data in Tokachi explained that the second order stochastic dominance coincided with emperical feature of crop hazard due to meteoric disaster.

1.为了建立一种简单的评价植物对过湿土壤适应能力的方法，以培育耐湿的大田作物品种，研究了干旱胁迫诱导小麦乙烯产生的遗传变异。通过在室内空气条件下使离体叶片脱水或在高渗透培养溶液中培养植物来施加干旱胁迫。当水分亏缺造成叶片初始鲜重损失10%时，植株产生乙烯的量最多，品种间差异最大。乙烯产生的遗传变异主要由位于2B、5 B和1A染色体上的3个基因控制，表明乙烯合成途径中的速率控制酶-层氨基环丙烷羧酸（ACC）的合成对乙烯的从头合成起着调节作用。品种对干旱胁迫的生长反应与对机械胁迫的反应相似，表明品种对不同胁迫的生长反应具有相似的机制。2.通过对高、低海拔草地生产力和品种组成变化的观察，说明高海拔草地牧草以梯牧草为优势品种，低海拔草地牧草以果园草为优势品种。3.气象灾害年，饲用玉米淀粉积累不足，干草和牧草青贮品质差。因此，在不利的气象年，奶牛从牧草中摄入的能量不足。4.以树皮肥为滤料的深层破土技术和深层暗排水技术对降雨后地表水的排干是十分有效的。5.通过对十胜县农作物产量资料的随机优势度分析，说明了二阶随机优势度与气象灾害农作物危害的经验特征相吻合。