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Study of the Ethno-diversity in the Kalahari and Its Ecotone

喀拉哈里沙漠及其生态交错带民族多样性研究

基本信息

批准号：
07041012
负责人：
TANAKA Jiro
金额：
$ 24.32万
依托单位：
Kyoto University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for international Scientific Research
财政年份：
1995
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
1995 至 1997
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-07041012/
关键词：
Kalahari Desert ecotone ethno-diversity San Botswana Namibia anthropology utilizationof environment 民族多様性

项目摘要

1. By analyzing the life history of the San, the transition of livelihood after the settlement, i.e, the contract work of cultivation and the trust of livestock, and the collection of materials related to the history of contacts among | Gui- || Gana and neighboring languages, interactions and dynamics of symbiosis between San hunter-gatherers and Bantu agro-pastoralists were elucidated.2. By collecting and analyzing the life history of the San elder men, the details of past life, such as hunting activity, extra-marital sexual relationship, male initiation ritual, ideology concerning witchcraft and sorcery imported from Bantu agro-pastoralists, were reconstructed and elucidated.3. Utilization of insects as food and material culture was investigated, and the qualitative importance of insects especially as food in San dietary life was pointed out. Furthermore, it was clarified how the minute cognition of animal figure and behavior closely correlated with such symbolic interpretation of na … More ture as foresight, mythical origin of habit and morphology.4. Previous reports on phonological and grammatical structures and lexicon in | Gui and || Gana were elaborated, and a linguistically adequate orthography of | Gui and || Gana which enable us to record vernacular names accurately was proposed.5. By analyzing demographic data of past 30 years, population dynamics of the San were elucidated.6. By comparative analysis of ritual systems of the San and the Kgalagadi, it was clarified that the factors concerning witchcraft and sorcery were hardly accompanied when San ritual ceremonies were influenced by the Kgalagadi.7. Language and motor development and socialization of San children were elucidated in relation to the "modernization" problems, such as the decline of hunting-gathering, deterioration of egalitarianism and introduction of school education etc.8. In the ecotone surrounding the Kalahari Desert, the importance of the mopane tree of family Caesalpiniaceae was stressed not only as material culture, but also as one playing a symbolic role in religious rituals. Furthermore, it was clarified that the conflicts among ethnic groups for land right might often occur in relation to the problem of ethnic identity and even affect profoundly a political issue in state level such as general election.9. The historical event of San migration initiated by the Botswana government occurred in 1997. Analysis and elucidation of the problems accompanied by this migration were striven and completed partly, leaving a number of subjects as future problem. Less

1.通过对桑人生活史的分析，探讨了桑人定居后生计的变迁，即农耕承包和牲畜托管，以及桑人与其他民族交往史的相关资料的收集，|桂-||从伽那语与邻近语言的关系、桑族狩猎采集者与班图族农牧者之间的互动关系及共生动态等方面进行了阐述.通过对桑族老人生活史的收集和分析，对过去的生活细节，如狩猎活动、婚外性关系、男性成人仪式、从班图农牧民族传入的巫术思想等进行了重构和阐释.对昆虫作为食物和物质文化的利用进行了调查，指出了昆虫特别是作为食物在桑族饮食生活中的重要性。进一步阐明了动物形象和行为的精细认知与na的这种符号化解释之间的密切关系 ...更多信息真作为预见，习惯和形态的神话起源.以往的报告中的语音和语法结构和词汇，|Gui和||Gana被详细阐述，并在语言上适当的正字法|Gui和||提出了能够准确记录方言地名的假名.通过对近30年来的人口统计数据分析，阐明了桑族人口动态.通过对桑族和喀喇加迪族仪式制度的比较分析，阐明了桑族仪式受喀喇加迪族影响的同时，并不伴随着巫术因素。桑族儿童的语言、动作发展与社会化，与“现代化”的问题，如狩猎采集的衰落、平均主义的恶化、学校教育的引进等，有密切的关系。在喀拉哈里沙漠周围的生态交错区，苏木科的莫帕内树不仅作为物质文化，而且作为宗教仪式中的象征作用而受到重视。此外，还澄清了族裔群体之间争夺土地权的冲突可能经常与族裔身份问题有关，甚至深刻影响到国家一级的政治问题，如大选。1997年，博茨瓦纳政府发起了桑人移民的历史事件。对这一迁移所伴随的问题的分析和阐明已经努力完成了一部分，留下了一些有待解决的问题。少